20e MEDICINE LODGE. 



The camp was under the direction of a half-breed, named Chabonard, 

 who proved to be a gentleman of superior information. He had acquired a 

 claasic education and could converse quite fluently in German, Spanish, 

 French, and English, as well as several Indian languages. His mind, also, 

 was well stored with choice reading, and enriched by extensive travel and 

 observation. Having visited most of the important places, both in Eng- 

 land, France, and Germany, he knew how to turn his experience to good 

 advantage- 

 There was a quaint humor and shrewdness in his conversation, so garbed 

 viath intelligence and perspicuity, that he at once insinuated himself into 

 ehe good gi-aces of lieteners, and commanded their admiration and respect 



The country, between Fort Grove and Cabonard'g camp, with the excep» 

 tion of the river bottoms, (which were quite fertile and occupied an area, 

 upon both, banks, varying in width from one hundred yards to five miles,) 

 is shghtly undulating, and presents two uniform characteristics, — one, a 

 thin clayish loam upon a subtratum of sand and gravel, and the other a 

 sandy surface, often entirely destitute of vegetation, save, perchance, a 

 few scattering spires of coarse grass and a species of prickly burr. 



Various specimens of cadi are found in every direction, and prove a 

 frequent source of vexation to the traveller. The landscape discloses a 

 scene of drearj' sterility, — more to be accounted for by the dryness of the 

 climate than any natural defect in the soil. 



The river upon both sides is nearly destitute of timber, and we were 

 frequently compelled to use bois de vache for cooking purposes. There is 

 also a scarcity of rock, — ^though, in the neighborhood of Bijou, I observed 

 a kind of grayish sandstone, exposed to view in the beds of ravines ; and, 

 directly opposite Chabonard's camp, the action of the waters had form.ed a 

 steep wall, some thirty or forty feet high, which disclosed a large bed of 

 sandstone and slate, with earthy limestone. 



A few miles above Beaver Fork, we obtained a distinct view of the main 

 ridge of the Rocky Mountains with the snowj' summit of Long's Peak 

 distant some sixty or sixty-five miles. They appeared like a pile of dark 

 clouds just rising from the verge of the horizon, and could be identified only 

 by tlieir uniform and stationary position. 



From the time of first entering the buffalo range till we reached Bijou 

 creek, our entu-e course was beset with dense masses of tliose animals, 

 which covered the river bottoms and prairies in all directions, far as the 

 eye could reach. Our usual practice was to kill one every day, and select 

 from its carcase the choice portions so well known and highly appreciated 

 by mountaineers j and, caUing to aid the varied modes of cooking peculiar 

 to hunters, surely never did epicures fare better than we. 



A few miles above Beaver creek we passed the site of a recent Indian en- 

 campment, where was yet standing the frame- work of a medicine lodge, 

 erected by the Chyeunes and Arapahos for tlie performance of their reh- 

 gious rites and ceremonies. This was made of light poles, describing an 

 imphitheatre with a diameter of some fifty feet. In form it was much hke 

 the pavilion of a circus, and of sufficient dimensions to contain eevera^ 

 Mudrad individu&lji. 



