i8 APES AXD MONKEYS. 



three of these teeth. Very frequently again, and indeed invariably in the apes and 

 monkeys, there are but two incisor teeth on each side of both the upper and the 

 lower jaws. 



With the single exception of the curious aye-aj"e of Madagascar, there are at 

 least two mammffi situated on the breast of the females of all membei-s of the 

 order. 



These, then, are the cliief common charactei-s possessed by apes and monkeys 

 on the one hand and lemui's on the other; but, such as they are, they are 

 considered of sufficient importance by a considerable number of zoologists to justifj' 

 the inclusion of both groups in a single order. The two groups constitute, however, 

 separate suborders, of wliich the fii-st is termed the Anthropoidea, and the second 

 the Lemuroidea. We shall point out how the latter gi-oup is cUstinguished from 

 the former when we come to the consideration of the lemurs themsehes ; and 

 we accordingly now proceed to consider the fii-st family of the Apes and ilonkej'S. 



The Man-like The Man-hke Apes ai-e but few in number, and are also those 



Apes. which come nearest, in point of stinicture, to man himself. Con- 

 sidered, indeed, from a purely zoological point of view, man represents merely a 

 separate family — Hominkhe — of the Primates, which should occupy the place of 

 honour at the head of all the other Mammals. »Since, however, the special sciences, 

 anthropologj'- and ethnologj', are devoted solely to the history of man, we shall 

 here content ourselves bj' incidentallj' mentioning a few of the stinictural featui-es 

 by which he is distinguished from the Man-like Apes. 



Apart, then, from man himself, the Man - like Apes include the largest 

 representatives of the Primates. They are exclusively restricted to the Old World, 

 whei-e they are found only in the dense forests of the warme.st and dampest 

 regions. They are all characterised by their strikingly human-like form, although 

 none of them habitually walk solely on their hind-limbs without obtaining 

 additional support from their long arms. 

 Resemblance In all the larger species the resemblance to man is more marked 



to Man. ijj ^}jg young than in the adult ; while in the adult the human 

 characteristics are more pronoxmced in the female than the male. Dr. Robert 

 Hartmann, of Berlin, who has devoted much attention to the Man-like Apes, 

 observes that " in the gorilla, the chimpanzee, and the orang-utan, the external 

 form is subject to essential modifications, according to the age and sex. The 

 difference between the sexes is most strongly marked in the gorilla, and these 

 differences are least apparent in the gibbons. WTien a young male goi-illa is 

 compared with an aged animal of the same species we are almost tempted to 

 believe that we have to do with two entirelj' different creatures. Wliile the j'oung 

 male still displays an evident approximation to the human structure, and develops 

 in its bodily habits the same qualities which generallj^ characterise the short-tailed 

 apes of the Old World, with the exception of the baboon, the aged male is 

 otherwise formed. In the latter case the points of resemblance to the human type 

 are far fewer ; the aged animal has become a gigantic ape, retaining indeed, in the 

 structure of his hands and feet, the characteristics of the Primates, while the 

 pi-otruding head is something between the muzzle of the baboon, the bear, and the 



