MAN- LIKE APES. 21 



boar. Simultaneously with these remarkal)le alterations of the external structure 



tliere occurs a iiioditication of the skeleton. The skull of an aged male gorilla 



becomes more projecting at the muzzle, and the canine teeth have almost attained 



the length of those of lions and tigers. On the upper part of the skull, which is 



I'oundeil in youth, great bony crests are developed on the crown of the head and on 



the occiput. . . . The arches above the eye-sockets are covered with wrinkled skin, 



and the ah-eady savage and indeed revolting appearance of the old gorilla is 



thereby increased." 



In all the ]\[an-like Apes the number of the teeth is the same as 

 Teeth 



in man himself — that is to say, there are on each side of both the 



njiper and lower jaws two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars ; 



the formula thus being: i|, c\, i^%, m]|, making a total of 32 teeth. Not only 



do the teeth agree in number with those of man, but, with the exception of the 



great size of the tusks, or canines, of the males, they likewi.se resemble them in 



structure. We are familiar with the form of our own molar teeth, wliich have wide 



crowns, with their angles rounded off and surmounted by four main tubercles set 



somewhat obliquely to one another ; and the molars of tlie Man-like Apes are of the 



same general tyi)e of structure. In the apes, however, the whole series of teeth 



does not present the hoi-se-shoe-like contour which i.s so characteristic of our own 



teeth ; but, on the contrary, the cheek-teeth form nearly straight lines, having an 



angulated junction with tlio curved line of the front teeth. 



other None of these apes po.ssess the peculiar pouches in the cheeks 



cnaracteristics. occun'ino- in many of the monkeys, and none of them have any trace 

 of a tail. Moreover, the naked patches so often found on the buttocks of the other 

 Primates are either absent or, if present, are of very small size. All of these 

 animals agree, howe\er, witli the monkeys, and thereby differ from man in the 

 great lengtli of the arms as compared with that of tlie legs ; this difference being 

 very clearly indicated in our figures of the skeleton of man and the gorilla. Another 

 characteristic of the Man-like Apes shown in the figures last referred to is the great 

 l)readth and flatness of the breast-bone or sternum, tliis being a feature in which 

 they agree with man, and ditl'er from baboons and monkeys. Then, again, some of 

 the Man-like Apes differ from the latter and resemble man in the absence of a 

 small bone occupying a central position in tlie wrist, and hence known as the 

 centrale of the carpus. 



In addition to the points already mentioned, man is distinguished from the 

 Man-like Apes by the greater i-elative size of his brain and the portion of the skull 

 in which it is contained, as compared with the face and muzzle. His canine teeth are, 

 moreover, but little longer than the other teeth, and are thus quite unlike the huge 

 tusks of the male gorilla and orang. The great toe is also relatively longer, and is, at 

 the most, only op]iosable in a very limited degree to the other toes. Moreover, the 

 wliole skeleton of man, as will be seen from our figure, is of a lighter and neater 

 build, with certain peculiar curvatures of the lower part of the backbone, which 

 permit of the assumption of the perfectly upright position without fatigue, and 

 without need of any support from the arms, which do not reach below the 

 middle of tlie thigh. Again, no ape has an ear modelled on the beautiful lines 

 of that of the human species. The naked body of man is not, however, a 



