CHIMPANZEES. 29 



It is said that chimpanzees will generally take to flight at the sight of man, 

 but that when driven to bay, or their retreat cut oli", they will attack him fiercely, 

 and are then very awkward customei-s to deal with. Dr. Livingstone, in his Last 

 Journals, gave an account and .sketch of a chimpanzee hunt by the Manyema 

 tribe, describing these animals under their name of Soke, but apparently confusincr 

 them with the gorilla. The doctor's graphic sketch shows four cliimpanzees 

 .surrounded by natives, one of the former haxdng received its death-wound, a 

 second with a spear in its back, and a fom-th making a \-igorous onslaught on one 

 of the hunters, whose hand it has seized in its mouth. Dr. Livingstone states that 

 the chimpanzee " kills the leopard occasionally, by seizing both paws and biting 

 them, so as to disable them ; he then goes up a tree, groans over his wounds, and 

 sometimes recovei-s, while the leojjard dies. The lion kilLs him at once, and 

 sometimes tears liis limbs off, but does not eat him. The soko eats no flesh ; small 

 bananas are his dainties, but not maize. His food consists of wild fruits, and of 

 these one is large, a large sweet sop but iudiflerent in taste. The soko brings 

 forth at times twins." 



Intelligence In captivity chimpanzees, when in health, are gentle, intelligent, 



in Captivity. j,uj attectionate, readily learning to feed themselves with a spoon, or 

 to drink out of a glass or cup. Unfortunately, however, their span of life in this 

 country is but brief. The longest periotl that a chimpanzee has hitherto lived in 

 the Zoological Society's Gardens is eight years; "Sally," who died in 1891, having 

 been kept there for that time. 



One of the earliest accounts of the chimpanzee in captivity was given by the 

 late Mr. Broderip, and is to be found quoted in mo.st works on Natural History. 

 It relates to a young male brought from the Gambia in the year 1835, which was 

 deposited in the menagerie of the London Zoological Society. Dr. Hartmann has 

 also jiublished an interesting description of the habits of another male, which was 

 exhibited in the Berlin Aquarium in 1876, and was remarkable for its unusually 

 livelj' and cheerful disposition. 



Moi-e recent, and thus probably less widely known, is, however, 

 the description by Dr. J. G. Romanes of the mental power of the bald 

 chimpanzee, " Sally," already mentioned as having liveil so long in London. This 

 account wa.s written in 1889, after the creature had been neaidy six years in the 

 Zoological Gardens. The intelligence of " Sally " is compared by Dr. Romanes to 

 tl^at of a child a few months before emerging from the period of infancy, and is 

 thus far higher than that of any other Mammal (exclusive of man). In spite, 

 however, of this relatively high degree of intelligence, the creature's power of 

 making vocal replies to her keepers, or those with whom she was brought into 

 contact, were of the most limited kind. Such replies were, indeed, restricted to 

 thi-ee peculiar granting noises. One of these indicated assent or aflSrmation ; 

 another, of veiy similar intonation, denoted refusal or distrust ; while the third, and 

 totally different intonation, was used to express thanks or recognition of favours. 

 In disposition " Sally" was, like many of her sex, apt to be capricious and uncertain ; 

 although, on the whole, she was good-humoured and fond of her keepers, with whom 

 she was never tired of a kind of bantering play, which was kept up at intervals 



