148 APES AXD MOiYKEYS. 



The IiL'udiparters of the American monkeys are the great forest-regions of the 

 Lower Amazon Valley, known as the Selvas ; although they are also abundant in 

 many other parts of Brazil, and likewise in the Orinoco Valley in Venezuela. All 

 these animals are truly tropical and subtropical, although they extend to a longer 

 tUstance on the south of the equator than they do on the north. To the northward, 

 indeed, it appears that monkeys do not extend beyond the Tropic of Cancer in the 

 southern half of Mexico ; whereas in South America they are knowni to range as 

 far as the Rio Grande do Sul, in latitude 30°. 



In the vast forests of South Amei'ica, monkeys make their presence known by 

 their loud cries much more than in any other part of the world, unless, indeed, 

 it be those parts of the Oriental region inhabited by the gibbons. The best 

 description extant of the nocturnal noises of the American forests is that given 

 by Humboldt. " After eleven o'clock," writes the great German traveller and 

 philosopher, " such a noise began in the contiguous forest, that for the remainder 

 of the night all sleep was impossible. The wild cries of the animals rang through 

 the woods. Among the manv voices that resounded together, the Indians could 

 only recognise those which, after short pauses, were heard singly. There was the 

 monotonous, plaintive cry of the aluates [howling monkeys], the whining, flute-like 

 notes of the small sapajoiis, the grunting murmur of the striped night-monkey 

 (JVyctipithecus trivirijafus), which I was the tii-st to describe, the titful roar of the 

 great tiger [jaguar], the cuguar, or maneless American lion [puma], the peccaiy, 

 the sloth, and a host of parrots, parracjuas, and other pheasant-like birtls. When- 

 ever the tiger approached the eilge of the forest, our dog, Avho before had barked 

 incessantly, came howling to seek protection under the lianmiocks. Sometimes 

 the cry of the tiger resounded from the branches of a tree, and was then always 

 accompanied by the plainti\"e. piping tones of the monkeys, who were endeavouring 

 to escape from the unwonted jnii'suit. 



" If one asks the IntUans why such a continuous noise is heard on certain 

 nights, they answer, with a smile, that ' tiie animals are rejoicing in the beautiful 

 moonlight, and celebrating tlie return of tlie full moon.' To me the scenes appeared 

 rather to be owing to an accidental, long-continued, and gradually increasing 

 conflict among the animals. Thus, for instance, the jaguar will pursue the j^eccaries 

 and the tapirs, which, densel}^ crowded together, burst through tlie barrier of tree- 

 like shrubs which opposes their flight. Terrified at the confusion, the monkeys 

 on the tops of the trees join their cries witli those of the larger animals. This 

 arouses the tribes of birds who build their nests in communities, and suddenly the 

 whole animal world is in a state of commotion. Further experience taught us that 

 it was by no means always the festival of moonlight that disturbed the stillness of 

 tlie forest ; for we observed that the voices were loudest during the violent stoinns 

 of rain, or when the thunder echoed and the liglituing flashed through the depths 

 of the woods. The good-natured Franciscan monk, who accompanied us, used to 

 say, when apprehensive of a storm at night, ' May Heaven grant a ([uiet night both 

 to us and to the wild beasts of the forest ! ' " 



In connection witli tliis subject, we may mention that a subsequent traveller, the 

 late Mr. Bates, when on the Tapajos Eiver, writes : " I heard for the first and almost 

 the only time the uproar of life at sunset which Humboldt describes as having wit- 



