350 CARNIVORES. 



There has been a considei-able amount of — more or less unprofitable — discussion 

 as to whether the Carnivores, or Apes and Monkej's, are entitled to occupy the 

 liichest place amon<r Mammals. Puttinjr man on one side, there can, however, be 

 but little doubt that, for their particular mode of life, the higher Carnivores, both 

 as regards their bodily stnicture and their brain power are fully as highlj- 

 organised as the Apes ; and to say that the one group is higher or lower than the 

 other is thus practically an impossibility. A more just view is to compare the 

 Carnivores and the Primates with two trees of different kinds, each of which has 

 attained practically the same height, and bears fruit and flowei-s of an equally 

 perfect development. 



Had we to deal only with the existing fonns of the animal kingdom, and if 

 the seals and walruses were excluded (as is done by some zoologists) fr'om the 

 Carnivores, tliere would be no great difficulty in giving a short and concise defini- 

 tion which would at once distinguish the order fi-om all the others. The seals and 

 walruses difier, however, so markedly in the charactei-s of their teeth, as well as in 

 many other structural points, from the more typical Carnivores, while a number 

 of extinct forms appear to connect the latter on the one hand with the Insectivores, 

 and on the other with the Mareupials, that any such concise definition is impossible. 



Among the characteristics common to all Carnivores, whether teri'estrial or 

 aquatic, the following are some of the most important. In all cases the toes are 

 provided with claws, which are very generally shai-p and curved, with no resem- 

 blance to nails. Then, again, the number of complete toes is never less than four 

 to each foot, aud is frequently- five. And in no case is the first toe capable of being 

 opposed to the other digits ; so that a Carnivore can in no sense be said to have a 

 hand in the popular acceptation of that term. 



The teeth, in confonnitj- with the flesh-eating habits of the great majority of 

 the members of the order, are generall}' large and well developed ; and are always 

 divisible into incisors, tusks or canines, and cheek-teeth. As a general rule, the 

 incisor teeth are three in number on each side of both the upper and lower jaws, 

 and in no case do they exceed this number : ^ while the third or outermost of these 

 three incisors is always larger than either of the othei's, more especially in the 

 upper jaw. The tusks are large, and adapted for seizing and retaining the prey of 

 these animals. The diflerent families of the order show a considerable divereity 

 in the form and structure of the cheek-teeth ; but, as a general rule, the more 

 anterior of these teeth have sharp and more or less compressed cro\\"ns, while verj- 

 frequently, as will be explained later on, one pair of teeth in each jaw is specially 

 modified to bite with a scissor-like action against an opposing pair in the opposite 

 jaw. Moreover, in such Carnivores as have the crowns of the molar teeth 

 flattened and expanded, these cro\vns are not divided into distinct portions by 

 infoldings of the enamel, as we shall find to be so frequently the case with those 

 of the Rodents. 



The most distinctive feature of the skull of the Carnivores is to be found ia 

 the mode of articulation of the lower jaw ; the condyle, or projecting process by 

 which the latter hinges on to the skull proper, taking the form of a half-cylinder, 

 elongated in the transverse direction. This half-cylinder is received into a similarly 



1 The Marsupial Carnivores never have less than four pairs of incisor teeth in the upper jaw. 



