CAT TRIBE. 355 



only by the lower portion of its vertically expanded base. From the end of the 

 second joint there runs a ligament to be inserted on the upper side of the base of 

 the tei-minal joint, the ordinary action of which is to draw back the whole claw 

 upon the upper surface of the second joint, when it becomes nearly concealed within 

 its projecting sheath. To the under-side of the base of the tei-minal joint there is, 

 however, inserted the end of a long tendon coming from one of the so-called flexor 

 muscles of the fore-leg. When the animal springs upon its prey the paw, in the 

 act of striking, is sharply bent upon the wrist by the action of these flexor muscles, 

 the result of which is to pull downwards tlie terminal joints of the toes, and thus 

 to fully expose the claws. In order to keep their claws in good condition, most 

 cats — from tlie tiger downwards to the domestic cat — are in the habit of drawing 

 them down the bark of ti-ees, whereby they are rendered sharp and clean. 



All the species of cats walk solelj' upon their toes, and are hence termed 

 digitigrade ; the hinder part of the foot being entirely raised from the gi'ound to 

 foi-m a continuation of the leg. This mode of progression indicates a higher 

 specialisation than the so-called plantigrade mode of walking, in which, as exem- 

 plified by the bears, the whole of the sole of the foot is applied to the ground. 

 Formerly the distinction between digitigrade and plantigrade Carnivoi-es was 

 regarded as an important one in classiHcation, but it is now known that nearly 

 allied groups vary greatlj^ in this i-espect, and that the character is a purely adaptive 

 one. It has been already mentioned that the fore-feet of the cats are furnished with 

 five toes. The innermost toe, corresponding to the human thumb, is, however, 

 placed at a much liigher level than the other four toes, and is consequently of no 

 use in walking. The missing toe in the hind-foot corresponds to the human great 

 toe. The .stealthy walk characteristic of all the cats is due to the soft cushions, or 

 pads, on the uuder-surface of the feet ; each toe having a separate pad, behind which 

 is a large pad occupying the middle of the sole of the foot. The fore-foot is thus 

 furnished with six, and the hind-foot with five foot-pads. There is, however, on 

 the fore-limb an additional pad on the outer side of the palmar aspect of the meta- 

 carpus. The impression, or spoor, of a cat's foot always shows the form and 

 number of the pads, and it sliould be particularly noticed that in such impressions 

 there is no mark of the claws, which in walking are completely retracted. This 

 aSbrds a ready means of distinguishing between the track of a cat and a dog. 



In order to enable them to lick oft" the meat from the bones, and perhaps also 

 to aid in cleaning their beautiful fur, the tongues of all the cats are furnished with 

 a number of flat processes, or papillae, which are inclined backwai'ds, and enable 

 the tongue to act as a most effective x-asp. In this respect cats again differ very 

 markedly from dogs, in which the tongue is quite smooth : and it is probable that 

 this difference may be accounted for by the fact that the teeth of the dogs are 

 adapted for cracking and breaking bones, which are then swallowed ; while those 

 of the cats are not suited for this pui-pose, and the bones of their prey are conse- 

 quently licked clean and left. 



The fur of most members of the cat tribe is usually short, and of even length 

 over the entire body : but the male lion is an exception in this respect, owing to 

 the development of the large masses of long hair on the neck and shoulders. Such 

 species as dwell in cold climates, like the ounce, have, however, much longer fur ; 



