482 PERCHING BIRDS. 



a southerly aspect. It leaves its home in Central and Northern Europe in August 



and September, rarely, if ever, delaying its departure into late autumn. The adult 



male has the crown and upper-parts blackish brown, many of the feathers having 



light buff edges. The tail is white, banded with blackish brown for the terminal 



half, while the throat and under- parts are pale fawn colour, varying much in 



intensity. A conspicuous white eyebrow is also present. 



The stonechat (S. rubicola) is found throughout Central and 



several parts of Northern Europe, being a resident in many places : 



while to others it is but a summer or w inter migrant. During the summer, generally 



to be found on common lands, chalk-downs, or other open places, the stonechat is 



an early breeder, nesting in April, and concealing its choice of a site with much 



care. In Oxfordshire stonechats seem to be very partial to aquatic situations, one 



old male having haunted a certain wet ditch close beside the Isis for several months 



during one winter ; and they have been known to build at the bottom of a hedge 



adjoining a flooded meadow. The stonechat builds its nest of moss and dried grass. 



lining it with feathers and hair; the eggs being pale greenish blue, finely spotted 



with reddish brown. The stonechat has a short but rather pretty song, and is a 



somewhat noisy species when its haunts are invaded. The adult male in 



summer has the entire head and back glossy black, with a white collar ; the tail 



is blackish brown, the outer feathers having the outer web light buff"; and the 



under-parts are rufous, but vary considerably in different individuals. The female 



is a browner bird than her mate. This group of the genus is represented by 



several species in India, where they are commonly known as bush-chats. 



The redstarts and robins, together with the Indian group of fork- 

 Fork-Tails. . . ... . 



tails, bring us to another subfamily (Ruticilliaa), differing mainly 



from the chats in their habits; these birds being terrestrial, and capturing their 

 insect-prey on the ground, instead of flying from a perch and returning thereto, 

 after the manner of the fly-catchers. They have a slender, compressed beak, a 

 long metatarsus, and feet well adapted for running; and the majority of the 

 species are denizens of Europe and Asia, north of and including the Himalaya. 

 The first genus of this subfamily is formed by the Indian fork-tails (Heniffwrus), 

 which are small birds, having the general appearance of pied wagtails, but differing 

 from them in possessing a forked tail and ten primaries, together with a coarse 

 bill. The type has the bill nearly as large as the head, stout and straight ; the 

 rictal bristles are well developed ; the wing is large, the first primary being about 

 half the length of the second ; and the tail is much longer than the wing, and 

 deeply forked ; the outer tail-feathers being one-third longer than the innermost 

 ones. Fork-tails are chiefly found in the Himalaya, and generally in the neighbour- 

 hood of mountain-streams, but they also range into Tenasserim. All are solitary in 

 their habits, and move their tails incessantly up and down after the manner of 

 wagtails, and are in the habit of generally perching on rocks or bare branches near 

 the ground. 



Redst rts Exclusively confined to Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia 



north of the Himalaya, the redstarts (Ruticilla) are characterised b}^ 



the short, slender, black beak, and finely developed rictal bristles, and the black 



and smooth legs ; while most of them have the rump and tail red. In Europe 



