viii CONTENTS 



Page 



POLLINATION OF FLOWERS BY ANIMALS Structure of Flowers; Nature and 

 Results of Pollination. Flowers Pollinated by Insects and their Characteristics 

 Orchids, Honeysuckles. Flowers Pollinated by Snails and Slugs Golden 

 Saxifrage (Chrysospleniuiri). Flowers Pollinated by Humming-Birds and Sun- 

 Birds. Mammals as Agents of Pollination. Prevention of Self-Pollination - 83 



DEFENCES OF FLOWERS AGAINST UNBIDDEN GUESTS - 90 



DISPERSAL OF PLANTS BY ANIMALS - 95 



CHAPTER LXL ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS COLONIAL 



ANIMALS 



COLONIAL ANIMALCULES (PROTOZOA) Epistylis, Codq^iga, Volvox, Protero- 



spongia. Origin of Many-celled Animals (Metazod] from Colonial Animalcules 99 



COLONIAL SPONGES (PORIFERA) Crumb-of-Bread Sponge (Halichondria paniced) 101 



COLONIAL ZOOPHYTES (CCELENTERATA) Colonial Sea- Flowers (Anthozod) 

 Compound Corals, Sea- Pens (Pennatula}. Colonial Hydroids (Hydrozod) 

 Hydroid Zoophytes ; Aglaophenia Compound Jelly-Fishes (Siphonophord) - 101 



COLONIAL MOSS-POLYPES (POLYZOA) - - - 104 



COLONIAL ASCIDIANS (UROCHORDA) Botryllus, Salps (Salpa), Fire-Cylinder 



(Pyrosomd} - 105 



CHAPTER LXII. ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS SOCIAL 

 BACKBONELESS ANIMALS (INVERTEBRATA) 



Advantages of the Social or Gregarious Habit - - 107 



SOCIAL INSECTS (INSECTA) 



SOCIAL MEMBRANE-WINGED INSECTS (HYMENOPTERA) Social Bees Halictus, 

 Humble-Bees (Bombus\ Honey-Bee (Apis mellificd). Social Wasps ( Vespidoe) 

 Vespa Germanica, Hornet (V. crabrd). Ants Polyrhachis, CEcophylla, 

 Wood-Ant (Formica rufa), Black Garden-Ant (Lasius niger}, Foraging-Ants 

 (Eciton) - - 1 08 



SOCIAL NET-WINGED INSECTS (NEUROPTERA) Termites or White-" Ants " 

 Yellow-necked Termite (Calotermesflavicollis], Light-shunning Termite (Termes 

 lucifugus\ Warrior Termite (T. bellicosus] - - 120 



SOCIAL FLIES (DIPTERA) Social Larvae of the Army- Worm (Sciara militaris} - 127 



CHAPTER LXIII.-ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS SOCIAL 

 BACKBONED ANIMALS (VERTEBRATA) 



SOCIAL FISHES (PISCES) Herring (Clupea harengus), Salmon (Salmo salar), Eel 



(Anguilla vulgaris\ Predaceous Forms - - 128 



SOCIAL BIRDS (AVES) Rook (Coruus frugilegus). Recognition Marks in Birds - 129 



SOCIAL MAMMALS (MAMMALIA) Beneficial Nature of the Habit in various forms. 

 Prairie- Marmot (Cynomys Ludovicianus) and its Allies. True Marmots 

 (Arctomys). Beaver (Castor). Recognition Marks and Odours of Mammals - 134 



