CONTENTS vii 



INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER INVERTEBRATES 



(INVERTEBRATA) 



Page 



INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE IN INSECTS (INSECTA) Mason-Bee (Chalicodoma 

 muraria}) Nesting Instincts and Homing Faculty ; Nesting Instincts of Solitary 

 Wasps ; Egg-laying Instincts of Butterflies and Moths 53 



INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE IN MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA) Intelligence of 



Octopus ; Homing Instinct of Limpet (Patella} and Garden Snail (Helix aspersd) 56 



INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE IN VERTEBRATES 

 (VERTEBRATA) 



WARNING COLORATION Intelligence of Young Chicks 58 



NEST-BUILDING IN BIRDS Eider-Duck, House-Swallow, House-Martin, Palm 



Swift 59 



MIGRATION OF BIRDS Golden Plover, White Stork, Cuckoo 61 



ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS THE WEB OF LIFE 



CHAPTER LX. ASSOCIATION OF ORGANISMS GENERAL 

 PRINCIPLES ANIMALS AND PLANTS 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES Modern Tendency to Over-Specialization; Nature Study; 



Complex Character of Relations between different Organisms 63 



PLANTS AND ANIMALS 

 Classification of Plants : Leaf-Green (Chlorophyll] - - - - - - - 64 



PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN RELATION TO AIR Breathing ; Feeding of Green 



Plants ; Bacteria ; Mutualism (Symbiosis] of certain Plants 65 



RELATIONS BETWEEN THE NUTRITION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS Plants as 

 the Food of Animals ; Plant-Food derived from Animals. Carnivorous Plants, 

 Butterwort (Pinguicula) ; Sundews (Droseracece) Sundew (Drosera), Venus' 

 Fly-Trap (Dioncea}; Pitcher-Plants Nepenthes, Sarracenia; Aquatic Car- 

 nivorous Plants Water Fly-Trap (Aldrovandia\ Bladder- Worts (Utricularia} 68 



MESSMATES OR COMMENSALS (COMMENSALISM) Epiphytic Orchids; a Liver- 

 Wort (Frullania dilatatd) associated with a Wheel- Animalcule (Callidina 

 symbioticd) ; Sea- Weed and Associated Animals ; Ant- Plants ; Sloths and Algae 74 



MUTUALISTS (SYMBIOSIS) Lichens; Bacteria of Stomach (Sarcina ventriculi}', 



Ray-Animalcules (Radiolarid) and Yellow Cells ; Sea-Anemones and Algae - 75 



PARASITES (PARASITISM) Clover-Dodder (Cuscuta\ Potato-Fungus (Phytophthora)-, 

 Fly-Mould (Empusa\ Silkworm-Mould (Cordiceps], Bacteria of Disease; 

 Turnip-Disease produced by a Fungus-Animal (Plasmodiophora), Plant-Galls - 76 



DEFENCES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS AGAINST ONE ANOTHER Colourless 

 Corpuscles and defensive Proteids (Antitoxins) of Animals; Spines, Thorns, 

 Prickles, &c., of Plants ; Raphides of Arum-" Lily" (Richardid), &c.; Poisonous 

 Substances, Latex, &c., of Plants ; Ant-Plants (Myrmecophilous Plants), Plants 

 protected by Mites 79 



