220 UTILITARIAN ZOOLOGY 



deal of the cat and the mouse in the relationship; but in time 

 the savage comes positively to love his captives, and even to 

 resist the pangs of hunger rather than kill them. In other 

 words, the earliest domestic animals were pets\ preserved, not 

 with a view to profit, but for sport or amusement. And it is 

 most important to observe that animals so selected would natu- 

 rally be the handsomest and finest of the catch, whose appearance 

 would delight the eye. . . . But, of course, feelings of affection 

 would be bound to give way in the long run to feelings of 

 hunger, and then the tame animals would be slaughtered for 

 food. And so it would ultimately dawn on the savage that the 

 keeping of pets was really a profitable business, because it 

 afforded some protection against famine. Gradually it would 

 become more and more common. Finally, the savage would 

 learn by experience that, even without destroying them, his 

 pets could be put to valuable use. Thus the wool of sheep, 

 the hair of goats, the milk of cows, would be to a savage like a 

 gift from an unknown Power. . . . But, when he had got thus 

 far, the savage would have ceased to be a savage; he would 

 have become & pastoralist. . . . And then, as all the advantages 

 of the rearing of animals come to be realized, the savage ' pack ' 

 gradually changes into a society of shepherds or herdsmen, in 

 which the men are engaged in tending cattle, sheep, or goats, 

 while to the women fall the subordinate offices of spinning the 

 wool, milking the cows and goats, and making the butter and 

 cheese. The men drive the flocks to pasture and water, regulate 

 the breeding, guard the folds against enemies, decide which of 

 the animals shall be killed for food, and break in the beasts of 

 burden." The nomad tribes of the Asiatic steppes, Kirghiz, 

 Kalmucks, &c., are still in the pastoral stage. 



A brief account of some of the chief domesticated animals 

 may now appropriately follow. 



DOMESTICATED MAMMALS (MAMMALIA) AND THEIR USES 



THE DOG (Canis familiar is}. It is not likely that the some 

 1 80 breeds of Dog which exist at the present day (figs. 1157 

 and 1158) have all descended from the same wild stock. Various 

 kinds of Wolf, Jackal, and Wild Dog have more probably 

 been domesticated at various times by different races, and. the 



