CONTENTS vii 



SKINS AND DOWN OF WILD BIRDS (AVES) 



Page 



Grebes (Podicipes] and Eider-Ducks (Somateria) ------- 308 



WILD ANIMALS YIELDING LEATHER, HORN, FAT, &c. 



Importance of Leather and Horn 309 



THE WALRUS ( Trichechus rosmarus] 311 



SEALS (PHOCID.E) Uses of Blubber and Skins. Harp or Greenland Seal (Phoca 

 Grcenlandica\ Hooded or Bladder-Nosed Seal (Cystophora cristata\ Baikal Seal 

 (Phoca Sibiricd), Caspian Seal (P. Caspica) 312 



THE DUGONG (Halicore dugong] --313 



WHALES, &c. (CETACEA) Toothless Whales (Mystacoceti]\ Greenland or "Right" 

 Whale (Balatna mysticetus], Blubber and Whalebone; Southern "Right" Whale 

 (B. australis}. Toothed Whales (Odontocetf}: Cachalot or Sperm Whale (Phy- 

 seter macrocephalus], Spermaceti; White Whale or Beluga (Delphinapterus 

 leucas), Blubber and "Porpoise Leather" ------- 314 



REPTILES (REPTILIA) Skins of Crocodiles and Lizards - - - - - - 317 



FISHES (PISCES) Skins of Sharks and Dog-Fishes as "Shagreen", Skins of ordi- 

 nary Bony Fishes (Teleostei} for clarifying Beer and Manufacture of Fish-glue, 

 Oil of the Menhaden or Pogy (Clupea menhaden)-, Sharks and Dog-Fishes - 317 



INSECTS (INSECT A) Locust-Oil ----- 318 



MEDICINAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL PRODUCTS 



ANIMALS AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS AS MEDICINAL AGENTS The practice of 

 medicine in ancient times; animal extracts; animal fats used in pharmacy; 

 gelatine and isinglass ; experiments on animals- - - - - - -318 



Medicinal Value of Fish-Oil Cod-liver Oil 321 



Medicinal Uses of Insects Oil-Beetles (Meloidce or Cantharidce), Spanish 

 Flies (Canthartdes\ Hungarian species (Lytta vesicatoria): Cochineal - - 321 



Medicinal Use of Leeches (Discophora) Medicinal Leech (Hirudo medi- 

 cinalis\ Green Leech (H. officinalis) - - - - - - - -321 



MISCELLANEOUS ANIMAL PRODUCTS Mottuscs (Mollusca\ Cuttle-Fish (Sepia 

 officinalis), cuttle-bone, "pounce"; Money Cowry (Cypraa monetd) and other 

 shells used as currency, Indian wampum; other uses of shells - 322 



Sponges (Port/era) Bath Sponge (Euspongia officinalis], Zimocca Sponge 

 (Euspongia zimocca\ Horse Sponge (Hippospongia equina) ; Sponge Fisheries 324 



WILD ANIMALS BENEFICIAL TO MAN ON ACCOUNT OF 

 THEIR HABITS 



Action of " Beneficials " .- 325 



BENEFICIAL MAMMALS (MAMMALIA) Foxes, Weasels, Stoats, &c.: Moles, Hedge- 

 hogs, and Shrews : Bats : Scavenging Mammals Hyaenas, Rats - 325 



BENEFICIAL BIRDS ( AVES) Diurnal Birds of Prey: Owls Barn Owl (Strix 

 flammea); Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus): Swifts, Swallows, Martins, and Titmice: 

 Secretary Bird (Serpentarius secretariats} : Scavenging Birds Vultures - - 327 



