424 DISTRIBUTION IN SPACE AND TIME 



occupation, the introduction of goats having had much to do 

 with this (see p. 346). 



FAUNA OF THE ORIENTAL REGION. The boundaries between 

 this region and the Palaearctic area are in part ill-defined, which 

 naturally means the possession of a number of species in common. 

 The south-eastern boundary, marking it off from the Australian 

 region, is usually known as "Wallace's ling", which runs between 

 Bali and Lombok, and thence northwards between Borneo and 

 Celebes. Bali and Borneo thus mark the limit of the Oriental 

 region in this direction. 



o 



Oriental Mammals (Mammalia). Taking first the Apes and 

 Monkeys (Primates), we find that the higher or man-like Apes 

 are shared between this and the Ethiopian region, for while the 

 Gorilla and Chimpanzee are peculiar to the latter, the Orang- 

 utan (Simla) and Gibbons (Hylobates and Siamangd) are purely 

 oriental. The Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis) is restricted to 

 Borneo, while Entellus Monkeys, &c. (Semnopithecus), with 

 Bonnet Monkeys and their immediate allies (Macacus), mostly 

 belong to this region. It is also the home of three species of 

 Lemur, two of the Loris (or "Slow" Lemurs), and the little 

 Spectre Tarsier. Of the first, one (Loris) is restricted to South 

 India and Ceylon, while the other (Nycticebus) ranges into the 

 Philippines. "Hie Spectre Tarsier (Tarsius spectrum), though 

 chiefly oriental, is also found in Celebes. Two peculiar families 

 of Insect- Eaters (Insectivord) are purely oriental, one including 

 the Banxrings or Tree-Shrews (Tupaiida, fig. 1290), while 

 the only representative of the other is the remarkable Flying- 

 " Lemur " (Galeopithecus\ There are also two peculiar genera 

 (Hylomys and Gymnura) of the hedgehog kind. Among Bats 

 (Chiropterd) the large Fruit- Bats (Pteropus) are characteristic, 

 though not peculiar. Among Flesh- Eaters (Carnivord) the 

 Tiger (Felis tigris), though very typical, also ranges into North 

 China; but there are a number of peculiar genera belonging to 

 various carnivorous families, while Bears are not absent, as in 

 the Ethiopian region. The Hoofed Mammals (Ungulatd) are 

 abundantly represented, and some of them are found nowhere 

 else, e.g. the little Chevrotains (Tragulus, represented in West 

 Africa by Dorcatherium), the small Deer known as Muntjacs 

 (Cervulus}, and certain Antelopes (Antilope and the four-horned 

 Tetraceros\ Rhinoceroses and Elephants (Proboscided) are shared 



