498 



GLOSSARY 



Claire, in French oyster culture, a muddy salt 

 pond in which oysters are ' greened ' by 

 feeding- on minute algae. 



Clavicle, the collar-bone. 



Cleavage, the early divisions of the fertilized 

 egg-cell, resulting- in a Blastula (which see). 



Clitellum (L. clitellce, a pack-saddle), in 

 Earth-Worms and Leeches, a g-landular re- 

 gion of the skin, which secretes the material 

 for the cocoon. 



Cloaca (L. cloaca, a sewer), a chamber into 

 which, e.g. in a Frog-, intestine, excretory 

 org-ans, and reproductive organs open. 



Coccyx (Gk. for cuckoo), the reduced tail- 

 region of the backbone in Man and the man- 

 like Apes. 



Cochineal, a red pigment extracted from the 

 dried bodies of Cochineal Insects. 



Cochlea (L. cochlea, a snail-shell), in Mam- 

 mals, a spirally-coiled part of the membran- 

 ous labyrinth. 



Cocoon, a variously shaped case in which the 

 eggs or other inactive stages in the life- 

 history of various animals are enclosed. 



Ccelom (Gk. koilos, hollow), a Body-cavity 

 (which see) containing lymph-like fluid and 

 communicating with the exterior by excretory 

 tubes. 



Ccenosarc (Gk. kointis, common ; sarx, sarcos, 

 flesh), in colonial Zoophytes, the common 

 body by which the individuals are united. 



Collar-cell, in Sponges, a cell bearing a single 

 flagellum with a collar-like projection at its 

 base. 



Collector, in oyster- and mussel-culture, an 

 arrangement of twigs, boards, or tiles, to 

 which the larvae or fry attach themselves. 



Colonial, relating to a Colony (which see). 



Colony, an assemblage of lower animals, in 

 which the bodies of all the individuals are 

 continuous. The condition is a result of 

 vegetative propagation. 



Columella (L. columella, a little pillar), a small 

 rod which stretches across the drum of the 

 ear in Birds, some Reptiles, and some Am- 

 phibians. 



Columnar epithelium, epithelium composed of 

 cells elongated at right angles to the surface. 



Commensalism (L. con-, together; mensa, a 

 dining-table), the association of two organ- 

 isms as messmates, or commensals, to the 

 benefit of one or both. 



Compound eye, an eye made up of more or 

 less numerous optically distinct elements 

 each with an external facet. Possessed by 

 many Arthropods. 



Concha (L. concha, a shell) the ear-flap of a 

 Mammal. 



Condyle (Gk. condylos, a tubercle), a rounded 

 projection on a bone or cartilage, where it 

 helps to form a movable joint. Mandibular 

 condyles, at back of lower jaw, where it 

 unites with skull. Occipital condyle (or 

 condyles), on back of skull, where it joins the 

 backbone. 



Conjugation (L. conjugato, conjngatum, to 

 bind together), in some Animalcules, the 

 temporary or permanent fusion of two indi- 

 viduals, accompanied by union of nuclear 

 material, and having an invigorating effect, 

 shown by active vegetative propagation. 

 Continental island, an island that was at one 



time part of an existing continent. 

 Contractile, endowed with contractility. 

 Contractility, the power possessed by proto- 

 plasm of changing its shape with no or 

 slight change in volume. 



CoracBid bone (Gk. ktirax, a raven), a ventral 

 element in the shoulder-skeleton of lower 

 Vertebrates. Coracoid process, a projection 

 (compared in Man to a raven's beak) on 

 the shoulder-blade of Mammals, equivalent 

 to the coracoid bone. 



Cornea (L. corneus, horny), a transparent area 

 of the sclerotic coat through which light 

 enters the eye. 



Corolla (L. for little crown), the inner invest- 

 ing leaves of a flower. Usually brightly 

 coloured. 



Corpus callosum (L. for hard body), a band 

 of nerve-fibres which in most Mammals 

 connects the cerebral hemispheres. 

 Corpuscles (L. dim. of corpus, a body), micro- 

 scopic bodies floating in blood or lymph. 

 White or Colourless Corpuscles, nucleated 

 cells, able to change their shape, found in 

 both blood and lymph. Red Corpuscles, 

 round or oval discs present in the blood of 

 many animals. 

 Cortex (L. cortex, bark), the external layer of 



the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum. 

 Costal (L. costa, a rib), relating to the ribs. 

 Courtship coloration, beautiful colours dis- 

 played (usually by the male) as a courtship 

 accessory. 



Courtship selection, preferential mating, as 

 determined by combat, or by the possession 

 of aesthetic characters. 

 Cranial flexure, a bend in the brain. 

 Cranial nerves, the nerves which arise from 



the brain. 



Cranium (Gk. kranitin, the skull), the brain- 

 case. 



Crop, in the gut of various animals, a dilated 

 part of the gullet, or enlarged region follow- 

 ing the gullet. It serves for temporary stor- 

 age of food. 



Cross -fertilization, fertilization of an egg-cell 

 by a sperm (or its equivalent) derived from 

 another organism. 



Cross-pollination, transfer of pollen from the 

 stamens of one flower to the stigma of 

 another flower. 

 Coxa (L. coxa, a hip), the basal joint of an 



Insect's leg. 

 Cul de mulct, Sea-anemones used as an 



article of food in parts of southern Europe. 



Cultch, in oyster-culture, empty shells, broken 



tiles, &c., upon which oysters are grown. 



