434 THE UMBELLALES 



five stamens and in the center of the flower, the two styles 

 broaden out into a conspicuous nectary above the ovaries. The 

 fruit is a schizocarp, splitting into two nut-like parts after the 

 manner of the maple (Fig. 324, E). The flowers on the out- 

 side of the umbel become somewhat irregular, owing to the un- 

 equal enlargement of the outermost petals. These small flowers 

 that individually cannot be seen at a distance of a few feet become 

 the most conspicuous feature of our fields owing to their associa- 

 tion in large numbers into compact, lace-like umbels. The aggre- 

 gation of flowers has been noticed in various groups, as in the 

 mustards, various families of the Resales, in the Sapindales and 

 buckthorns, of which latter simple regular type the carrot 

 flower would appear to be a natural sequence (compare Figs. 

 321, G; 324, D). But in no group has so successful and varied 

 an arrangement of the flowers been achieved. The advantages 

 of this umbellate arrangement are apparent. The crowding of 

 the flowers is attended with the reduction in their size and in 

 saving of material while they have gained in the number of 

 flowers and in conspicuousness. This arrangement also in- 

 creases the chances of crossing since the insect in a single visit 

 may cross a score of flowers in crawling over the umbel. Autog- 

 amy is prevented at first by the difference in the maturation of 

 the anthers and stigmas, frequently one or more days interven- 

 ing between these two conditions and in many genera the flowers 

 are imperfect, the stamens and pistils being arranged on differ- 

 ent parts of the umbel and so further assist in crossing. But 

 even if the great variety of small lapping insects that swarm over 

 these flowers were absent the construction of the umbel is such 

 that the flowers are usually able to effect a crossing unassisted. 

 The variety of devices for the accomplishment of this work are 

 without parallel in any other group. The opening of the flowers 

 of an umbel proceeds either from the circumference towards 

 the center or from the center outwards. In some genera, as 

 Eryngium, the flowers on the margin open first and the stigmas 

 are ready for crossing while the anthers are closed and bent 

 down upon the petals. On the following day, the inner adjoining 

 set of flowers are in the same condition while the anthers of the 



