792 



Cinchona;, or medicinal barks, 661. 



Cirkniu, lakeof,323. 



Cirrocumulus, or sonder-cloud, 467. 



Cirrostratus, or wane-cloud, 467. 



Cirrus, or curl-cloud 464. 



Civilisation has arisen out of the wants 

 and weakness of man, 596 ; is favour- 

 able to longevity. 607. 



Classes of mankind, five grand, 601604. 



Classes of plants, 548-550 ; of animals, 

 571. 



Classification of rocks, 622. 



Clay slate formations, 662. ft al. 



Clay slate and Silurian period, 638. 



Claystone. a kind of basalt, 653 ; por- 

 phyry, 654. 



Clearness of the ocean waters, 331 332. 



Cleavage planes in strata, 630. 



Clermont, valley of, its characteristics, 

 428. 



Cleveland basaltic wall, 654. 



Climate, chapter on physical, 484517 ; 

 definition of the term, 484 : determin- 

 ing cans. '8 of, 484 ; by geograplrcal 

 position. 485 ; by land levels, 486492 ; 

 by oceanic proximity, 492-495; from 

 various other causes, 495 504 ; in 

 equatorial and hot regions, 504, 505 ; 

 in warm, temperate, and cold regions, 

 505, 506 ; in frozen, 506, 507 ; changes 

 of, inquiry into, 507 509 ; excessive 

 winters, 509513; summers, 513515; 

 changes shown by geological researches, 

 515 ; extremes of heat and cold in op- 

 posite, 596,597; influences complexion, 

 602 ; of the tropics, fatal to Europeans, 

 608. 



Clinkstone, a felspathian basalt, 653. 



Clithraria;, fossil forests of, 730. 



Clouds, 462468 ; lightning, have been 

 traversed with impunity, 517. 



Clyde, river, and Severn, singularity of 

 their courses, 280 ; vale of, 739. 



Cly wdd, vale of, 752. 



Coal, localities of, 620; zig-zag stratum 

 of, 625 ; " fault " in strata, 629 ; decep- 

 tive signs of, 629 ; fossil leaves in, 631 ; 

 localities of, 642; strata of, 654 ; import- 

 ance of, 690; unknown to the ancients, 

 690; earliest mention of in Hnglish his- 

 tory, 690 ; coal bearing system, 692 

 691 ; measures, 694 ; beds of, in Britain, 

 696-6CI9 ; mining of, 699 ; districts, 700 

 702; foreign. localities of, 702, 703; 

 fossil ferns in, 703; sigillariae in, 704 ; 

 trees in, 704. 



Coasts, advance of, 397400. 402 406 



Coccosteus, the, illustrated, 687. 



Cocoa-palm, the, 557. 



Cod, view of sand-drift at Cape, 761. 



Cod-fish, 577-. 



Col du Midi, 646. 



Cold regions, climate of, 505. 



Colebrook in 'Connecticut, gneiss at, 62".. 



Coleridge, S. T., his sublime idea of the 

 universe and its Creator, 184 ; citations 

 from his hymn before sunrise in the 

 valley of Chamouni, 209. 328 ; from 

 his Ancient Mariner, 450. 



Colours of water in lakes, 322. 331 ; in 

 the ocean, 330, 331. 



of the various races of men, 599 

 601 ; of animals, 601 . 



Columbia, gold found in, 634. 



river, springs of the, 279, 280 ; 



bisons of the, 389 ; basaltic rocks of 

 the, 627. 



C( ! mb ,' hi ~ great discovery, 194 359, 

 H 4 *U flr ? t . observ d the tradel 



*&& lnc nt in his second 



Columnar structure of rocks, 626. 



Comets, general observations on, opinions 

 of the ancients respecting, origin of the 

 rfS 1 "" '; h ,2 ract ris tics and diver- 

 sities 108 ; differences between them 

 and planets, 109 ; opinions regarding 

 of Aristotle, Seneca, Tycho Brahe 1 \ 

 researches relative to, of Hevelius 

 Halley and Newton, 109; diagram of 

 the path of one, 110, statistics of" 

 general characteristics of, Hl ; coniej 

 <>f the year 1680, specula, ions and al- 

 culations regarding the, 112; comet of 

 682, commonly called Halley's, 113- 

 Predictions of that astronomer 14- 

 verified by i:$ return m the years 1758 



INDEX. 



and 1835, 1 14, 115 ; appearances of, and 

 speculations regarding, in f( inner times, 

 115, 116; illustrations of Cometary phe- 

 nomena, 116, 117. 119; details of various 

 other comets, 118120 ; comet of 1811, 

 125, 122; Arago's table of comets, 122; 

 Encke's and Biela's comets, 123 ; comet 

 of 1843, 124127; general reflections 

 on comets, 127, 128 ; irrationality of 

 the fears indulged regarding them, 

 129, 130. 



Commerce, the pursuits of, first stimu- 

 lated the knowledge of geography, 1!)3; 

 extended, arose first in Kgypt, 194; 

 thence spread to Western Europe, 194. 



Como, lake of, 661 ; intermitting spring 

 near the, 266. 



Complexion of the different races of men, 

 599601 . 



Composite, arborescent, 562. 



Composition of rocks, 624. 



Compound stars, 116. See Stars. 



Comrie, atmospheric phenomenon seen 

 near the village of. 542. 



Conception, bay of, 775. 



Condamine, M. de la, 239. 



Conductors, lightning, their use and im- 

 portance, 520 ; were known to the an- 

 cients, 522. 



Conglomerate rocks, 624. 



Conglomerates, 662. et al. 



Conifere, view of fossil, 706. 709. 



Conjunction of the planets Saturn, Jupi- 

 ter, and Mars, 167. 



Connecticut river, the, 714 ; valley, 715. 



Constantine, the emperor, 33. 



Constellations, general list of, 148, M9; 

 of the zodiac, 149152; of the northern 

 hemisphere, 152 155 ; of the southern, 

 155, 156. 



Conto, Mont, in the Val Bregaglia, 410. 



Contorted lamination in strata, 625. 



Conybeare, Mr., 619. 657. 682. 708. 721, 

 722.736.741.752. 



Cook, Captain James, his second voyage 

 and its results, 196. 504. 527. 563. 



Coperni'.-ns, 8 ; revolutionised for ever 

 astronomical science, 8 ; particulars of 

 his life, 19, 20; his scheme of the uni- 

 verse, 2022 ; anticipated the dis- 

 covery, seventy years after his death, 

 of the phases of Venus Wy Galileo, 30. 



Copper and zinc conjoined in the Cornish 

 mines, 633. 



Coprolites, 694. 



Cor Carol!, constellation of, 147. 



Coral islands and n-efs, 380385; blocks, 

 view of, 380 ; how formed, 382, 383 ; 

 those of New Holland, 383, 384 ; of the 

 Pacific ocean, 384 ; and Polynesia, 385 ; 

 usually inhabited, 596. 



Coral ragstone, 726. 



Corals, formation of, 767: illustrations 

 of, 768. 



Cordilleras, the, 219, et nL; insect swarms 

 of, 574 ; animals of the, 592 ; aged In- 

 dians of the, 607. 



Corinth, limestone rocks in the gulf of, 



Cornbrash limestone, 724. 



Cornwall, rich in felspar, 623 ; mines of, 



63.3, 634 ; tin of, 649 ; view of rockin-- 



stone in, 762. 

 Corrao, volcanic island o', 376, 377. See 



Hotham Island. 

 Corstorphine Hills, the, 652. 

 Cortes, a servant of> first sowed wheat in 



America, 567. 

 Cotopaxi, 211. 219. 781. 

 Cotyledonous plants, 540. 

 Coulommiers, section of a hill at, 738. 

 Coup de soleil, 505. 

 Crab, the land, its migrations, 578. 

 Craigleith quarry, fossil trees in, 706. 

 Creator, original design of the, 785, et al. 

 Cretaceous period, 638 ; system, 641 ; de- 



posits, chapter on the, 731736; mem- 

 bers of the, 732. 

 Cretins, cagots, or goitred idiots of the 



Alps and Pyrenees, 459. 

 Crich cliff, Derbyshire, view of, 628. 

 Crinoideans, 676. 

 Crocodile, the, 579. 590. 

 Cronburg Castle, and Entrance to the 



Categat, view of, 363. 

 Crop out, the mining term, 629. 

 Cross, constellation of the, its composi- 



tion, beauty, and utility, 155 ; Von 

 Spix ami Martin's description of, 155; 

 lines on, by Mrs. Ilemans, 156. 



Cruciferous plants, botanical region of 

 the, 560. 



Cru.st of the earth, composition of the, 

 611, ft seq. ; stratified, 619; its mate- 

 rials, 622 ; carbonate of lime forms one- 

 seventh part of it, 624 ; disturbances of, 

 beneficial, 629. 



Crustac-a, fossil, 638. 



Cryptogamic plants, 550. 563. 565. 569, 

 570. 



Crystallization of rock?, 631. 



Crystals of snow, vaiious forms of, 474, 

 475. 



Cuba, island o f , 606. 608 ; fresh springs 

 in the wcmi near, 259. 



Culmination of a star, what it is, 156. 



Cult.'ire its ameliorating effects on plants, 

 568, 5G<. 



Cumana, electrical action manifested at. 

 518 ; double halo round the moon seen 

 at, 530. 



Cumulo-stratus, or twahicloud, 467. 



Cumulus, or stackencloud, 464. 



Currents of rivers, 28). 283. 572 ; of the 

 ocean, 359 36H ; of the atmosphere, 

 437. 



Curved strata in rocks illustrated, 625 

 630. 



Cuvier, observations of, 252. 254. 380. 

 397. 571. 590. 595. 604. 619. 713. 721. 

 723. 7-24, 72. r >. 730, 731. 736. 738. 744. 

 748. 754, 755. 757, 758. 760. 



Cumbrian system, 663, et seq. 



Cunningham, Mr., 715. 



Cycadea?, view of fossil, 709. 



Cygnus, the Swan, constellation of, 163 j 

 temporary star in, 168 



Dalton, Dr., 473. 480 ; his account of the 

 aurora borealis, 526. 529; his imperfect 

 perception of colour, 176. 



Dampier, Captain, his account of the tro- 

 pical winds, 445. 456. 



Daniel, Professor, his analysis of sea- 

 water, 329, 330 ; his account of prevail- 

 ing winds, 460 ; hygrometrical experi- 

 ments, 462, 463. 470. 



Danube, the river, 466, 467 ; account of 

 its shores, by Virgil, 508, 509. 



Dardanelles, the. See Bosphorus and 

 Hellespont. 



Darial, defile of the, 216, 217, 218. 



Dartmouth hills, thunder-storm in the, 

 519. 



Darwin, observations of Mr., 471, 472. 

 504. 555, 556. 564. 568, 56!). 574. 581, 

 582. 585. 593. 650. 668. 755. 758. 761. 

 763. 



Date-palm, the, 556. 



Daubeny, Dr., 433. 786. 



l)'Autm"isson, M., 617. 620. 649. 



Davy, Sir H< mphrey, philosophic 1 re- 

 flection of. 399. 768 ; his theory of earth- 

 quakes and volcanic eruptions, 433, 434; 

 of mists, 465. 



Dead Sea, the. 314316; view of, 315; 

 fabled fruits of the, 315 ; analysis of its 

 waters, 316. 



Dead fi*h in the ocean, 690. 



De Candolle, botanical notices of M., 

 331. 547, 548. 549, 550. 560. 569. 598. 



Deccan, the, 652. 



Dee, the river, 324, 325. 



Deerfield in Massachusetts, remarkable 

 stratum at, 625. 



Delaware Bay, 396. 



DeLuc. M., 648. 772. 



Deluge, the great, was partial only, 594. 



Dembia, lake ot; 311. 



Denderah, sculptured planisphere of, 5. 



Denon, M., 421. 



Denudation of the land by rivers, 370 

 373 ; valleys of, 629. 



Deposits, sedimentary , the origin of stra 

 tified rocks, 627, et al. , were all origi> 

 nally horizontal, 631. 



Depths of lakes, table of, 322; of the 

 ocean, 326, 327. 



Derbyshire, loadstone of, 655 ; lead-mine 

 of, 692, 693 ; peat-moss of, 77(). 



Deserts, great, 223 ; of Europe, 223, 224 ; 

 of Asia, 225. 228, 229; Africa, 225, 

 226 ; of Sahara, 226. 228 ; of the North, 

 229,230,- of Americaj H,' 232. *,.| ; 



