794 



Fir-trees, various species of, 552 ; extra- 

 ordinary, 772. 



Fire-balls, 131 . 519, 523. See Stars, falling 

 and shooting ; also Meteoric Showers. 



Fires of the interior of the earth, 606. 



Firmament, index to the arrangement of 

 the stars in the, 156158. 



First cause, necessity for a, 40. 107. 164. 

 182 ; is not suspended by the adoption 

 of the nebular hypothesis, 191. 



Fishes, class of, 574579 ; longevity of, 

 575 ; sword-fish, 575 ; phosphorescence 

 of fish 575 ; numbing power of several 

 kinds, 575; climatal differences in the 

 varieties of, 577; the cod, 577; mackerel, 

 thunny, pilchard and herring, 577, 578; 

 migrations of several kinds, 578 ; spe- 

 cies having analogy to land mammalia, 

 578, 579 ; fossil, list of successive, 638, 



Fissures in rocks, 625. 632 ; volcanic, 644. 

 656 ; at Palistena, 432. 



Fitzroy, Captain, 451, 775. 



Fixed stars. See Stars fixed. 



Flamborough Head, cliffs of, 731. 734, 

 735. 



Flamstead, the first astronomer royal. 

 36 ; is highly esteemed, 37 ; was of 

 humble origin, yet attained the summit 

 of practical astronomy, 37 ; his labours 

 much assisted Newton, 37 ; his letters 

 discovered by Mr. Bailey, 37 ; was 

 unhandsomely treated by Newton and 

 others, 37 ; observed the northern 

 hemisphere, 41 ; cited, 358. 



Fleabane, wide dissemination of the 

 plant, 565. 



Flinders, Captain, his researches, 383. 



Flints, found usually in chalk, 733. 



Floating islands, 318-320. 593. 



Floods, great, at Martigny, 413 415 ; in 

 Morayshire, 420. 592,'593. 



Flora, ancient, of the earth, 707. 



Flowers, their beauty and uses, 546. 



Fluviatile deposits, 776, 777. 



Flying-fish, the, 575. 



Folkstone, land-slip at, 392. 



Foot-marks and other traces of animals 

 in strata, 631.716. 



Forbes, professor, his alpine experiences, 

 207,208. 341. 



Forest plants, 549 ; marble, 724 ; hills, 

 752. 



Forests of equinoctial America, descrip- 

 tion of, by Humboldt and Darwin, 555, 

 556. 



Formations, geological, 636, et al. 



Forster, Mr. W. M., Newcastle colliery 

 tables, 696, 697. 



Forth, river, its tortuous course, 282. 



Fossil organic remains, their true nature 

 and origin unknown till recent times, 

 617: definitely distributed in the 

 earth's strata, 619 ; ferns in coal strata, 

 631; remains, 662; of the silurian 

 system, 670 ; in the carboniferous 

 system, 690, et sea. ; fossil trees, views 

 of, 705, 706. 



Fossils found in caverns, 251254. 



Fossiliferous rocks, division of, 635, et 

 seq. ; thickness of in Britain, 637. 



Foyers, falls of, 285, 286. 



Fox, the, 588 ; polar, 592. 



France, coast of, 402; extinct volcanoes 

 in central, 427. 429 ; action of the fire 

 in, 450 : varying climates of, 493 ; flora 

 of, 564 ; new red sandstone system of, 

 708. 713 ; oolites of, 724, 725; clays of 

 726 ; chalk of, 731, et al.; tertiary stra- 

 ta of, 745. 747. 



Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, observes the 

 effect of oil in stilling waves, 351, 352 

 his celebrated kite experiment, 517. 



-, Sir John, 525.528. 



Freiberg, school of miners at, 617 ; mass 

 of silver found there, 634. 



Fresnel, M., 463, 



Frost, its operation on rocks. 408. 



Frozen regions, climate of, 506 507 



Frugivorous races of men, 597. 



Fruits and cultivated vegetables, notices 

 of the introduction of various, 567 



Fuci, 558. 



Funchal, great floods at, 415, 416 



Fuller's earth, 725 



Fungi, 550. 551 . 



INDEX. 



Gailenreuth Cave, section of, 255. 



Galapagos islands, the, 582. 



Galaxy, the. See Milky Way. 



Galileo, his birth and career, 29; advances 

 the system of Copernicus, 29; discovers 

 the four satellites of Jupiter, 29, 30 ; 

 discovers, though imperfectly, the pe- 

 culiar structure of Saturn, and the 

 phases of Venus, 30 ; demonstrates the 

 earth's rotation, 30 ; is persecuted for 

 his doctrines, 30, and belies himself, 

 31 ; falls into distress in his latter years, 

 but dies at an advanced age, 31 ; can- 

 did apology for, in the mistaken con- 

 duct of his persecutors, 31, 32; observes 

 a nebulosity, 184. 



Ganges, the river, 202. 281. 294. 370, 371 ; 

 contrasted with, the Jumna, 325; mouth 

 of the, 302; gavial of the, 579. 590 ; raft 

 islands at the mouth of the, 593. 



Garonne, the river, 202. 549. 



Garnet. 659. 



Gas, irrespirable, formed in caverns, 255; 

 a't the Grotto del Cane, 255 ; at St. Le- 

 ger, in Dunsphole, and in Java, 256. 



Gases, the five elementary, 622. 



Gassendi, the celebrated, 133. 



Gault, 732, 733, et al. 



Gavial of the Ganges, the, 723. 729. 



Gay-Lussac, M., 463. 519. 



Geant, mountain of the, 648. 



Gemma, Cornelius, 527. 



Gemini, or constellation of the Twins, , 

 150. 



Geneva, or Leman Lake, 320; lateral 

 mirage on the, 543 ; alluvium of, 776. ! 



Gensanne, M., 501. 



Genesis, definition of the word, 598. 



Geography, science of, its origin, 193; 

 definition of the word. 195 ; and of the 

 subordinate terms of, 197. 



Geological Society of London, its labours, ' 

 620. 



Geology, what it is, 611 ; its origin as a 

 science, 611; obstacles it had to en- 

 counter, 612, 613; its study exalts hu- 

 manity and glorifies the Creator, 614. 

 786,787; the ancients had some glimpses 

 of the truths of, 615, 616; era of mo- 

 dern, 617; Werner's theory of, 617, 618; 

 Dr. Button's, 618; W^liam Smith's 

 labours in, 619, 620 ; use of, in the arts, 

 620 ; tells the early history of the globe, 

 621. 



Geophagists, or earth-eaters, 597. 



Gerard, Captain A., his description of 

 the Darial pass, 217, 218 ; view of, 782. 



Gerdan, lake, floating islands in, 319. 



German Ocean, tides of the, their opera- 

 tion on the British coasts, 372; sands of 

 the, 772. 



Germany, surface of, 236,237; new red 

 sandstone system of, 708. 713 ; oolitic 

 fossils of, 721. 



Germination of plants, after long immer- 

 sions in the ocean, 566. 



Geysers of Iceland, description and view 

 of the, 271 273, 778. 



Giant's Causeway, the, 626; notices of 

 the, 663. 731. 



Gibraltar, Straits of, 329. 337; view of, 

 366 ; Dutch ship sunk in the, 366, 367. 



Gilpin, Mr., 768. 



Giraffe, the, 587. 590. 594. 



Giggleswick spring, Yorkshire, 268. 



Glaciers, their nature and movements. 

 207. 341, 342; their disastrous action, 

 412415. 



Glairine, a fossil animal substance, 277. 



Glamour of the Highlanders, 535. 



Glance at the stars, 143158. 



Glen Tilt, geological character of, illus- 

 trated, 632, 633 ; 659 ; Roy, 777. 



Glencoe, 659. 



Globe, area of the, 195 ; presents the two 

 grand natural divisions of land and wa- 

 ter, 195 ; tides at various points of the, 

 355357 ; denudation of its lands by 

 river action, 370373 ; geological rea- 

 soning respecting the, 425 ; changes in 

 the, 434, 435 ; botanical regions of the, 

 560564 ; crust, of the, 61 1 , el sen. : fos- 

 sils in the strata of the, 635, et seq. 

 Glogau, a powder magazine saved from 



explosion at, 521 . 

 Gmelin. M., 528. 602. 604 

 Goat. the. 588.606 



Goatfell in Arran. 655. 



Gold ore, where found, 634. 



Goldau, vale of, 409, 410. 



Goodwin Sands, the, when and how 

 formed, 387. 



Gorbitz, valley of, ignis fatuus in the, 

 544, 545. 



Graba, his account of the Vogel-berg, 

 580, 581 . 



Graham, Mrs., her account of an earth- 

 quake in Chili, 405, 406; Professor, 



Grampians, the, 659. 681. 



Gran Seco, the, 767. 



Granite, its composition, 624 ; interming- 

 lings of, in strata, 631; underlying mas- 

 ses of, 632 ; croppings out of, in Glen 

 Tilt, 632, 633. 641, 642; forms the 

 skeleton of the earth, 645 ; general lo- 

 calities of, 645 ; in Britain, 656. 



Granitic rocks, 644655 ; veins in grau- 

 wacke and gneiss, 649 ; igneous cha- 

 racter of, 657. 



Granular structure of rocks, 624. 



Graphic granite, illustrated, 644. 



Grauwacke, 655. 



Gravity, or gravitation, the great law of, 

 39, 40. See Attraction. 



Grass plants, 551, 552. 



Great Bear Lake, 318. 322. 



Great Britain, the surface of, nearly all 

 stratified, 635. 



Great Slave Lake, 318. 323. 



Greeks,, their attainments in astronomi- 

 cal science, 6. 12. 



Green sand, 732, et al. : shells found in, 

 732, 733. 



Greenland, east coast of, 342. 507 ; ani- 

 malcula in the seas of, 348 ; insect 

 scourges of, 574 ; white -hare of, 589 ; 

 brown fox in, 592. 



Greenough, Mr., 619. 761. 



Greenstone rock, is usually columnar, 

 626. 



porphyry, 654. 



, or diorite, 645. 



, or whinstones, 652. 



Grenier, fall of Mont, 411, 412. 



Greenwich Observatory, its origin, 35 ; 

 its successive superintendents, 36 ; its 

 arrangements and importance, 36. 



Greywacke, 662. 



Grindelwald, valley of, 208. 



Grinsill, fossil animal remains found at, 

 713. 



Groningen, peat of, 769. 



Grotte des Fromages, view of the, 653. 



Grotto del Cane, description and view 

 of, 255, 256. 



Group, oolitic, composition of the, 724 

 731. 



Gryllus migratorius, or locust, ravages 

 of, 573, 574. 



Guacharo, cavern of the, description of, 

 245, 246 ; subterranean vegetation in 

 the, 547. 



Guadiana, the river, 292. 



Guadaloupe limestone, human skeleton 

 found in the, 636. 760. 



Gulf Stream, 360. 362. 364. 372. 494. 592. 



Guiana, spider of, 573 ; fossils of. 587. 



Gurtshellir cavern in Iceland, 242. 



Guwo-Upas, or Poisoned valley of Java, 

 its noxious gas, 256. 



Guy's Cliff, fossil batrachians found in, 

 713. 



Gwennap, consolidated mines of, 634. 



Gymnotus electricus, the, 576; Hum- 

 boldt's account of the numbing power 

 of the, 576, 577. 



Gypsum, its nature, 739 ; found in red 

 sandstone, 711. 



Haematite, or bloodstone, 6S4. 



Hail, formation and theory of, 478 ; 

 operations of, 478480. 



Hair, divers colours of the human, 599 

 601. 



Hallway Island, coral formations of, 383, 

 384. 



Hall, Sir James, 649. 



, Captain Basil, an expert navigator, 



144, 145 ; observations by, 329. 365 ; 

 his Alpine experiences, 208 ; his ac- 

 count of Niagara Falls, 288, 289; of 

 sea-water, 329 ; of tropical storms, 334, 

 335 ; of the Yellow Sea. 371 ; of the 



