et seq. ; of animals, 571, et seq.; of ; 

 man, 595, et seq. 



Orinoco river, 230. 280. 292. 297, 298. 439 ; 

 climate of plains of the, 492 ; wooded 

 banks of the, 555 ; confluents of the, 

 576 ; manatus americanus of the, 578 ; 

 floods of the, 584 ; wild horses on the 

 plains of the, 587; raft islands at mouth 

 of the, 593 ; Otomacs of, 597. 



Orion, constellation of, is visible all over 

 the habitable globe, 154 ; its position in 

 the heavens, 154 ; was known to and 

 ireaded by the ancients, 154 ; number 

 of stars in the trapezium of, 158 ; dia- 

 gram of nebulosities in, 135. 



Ornithichnites, or stony bird tracks, il- 

 lustrated, 715. 



Ortler Spitz Mountain, ascent of the, 

 203 ; view of, 547. 



Osteolepis, the, 689. 



Otaheite, coral reef near, 385. 



Otomacs, an earth-eating tribe of South 

 America, 597, 598. 



Ovid's Metamorphoses show much obser- 

 vation of nature and superior philoso- 

 phy, 615,616; his Epistles from Pontus, 



Owen, Captain, his surveying voyage, 

 472. 



Ox, the, 587. 598- 600, 601. 605, 606. 



Oxford stone, the, 620. 



Oxidation, hypothesis of subterranean, 

 433. 



Oxus, the river, 423. 



Oxygen, with nitrogen, composes the 

 principal part of the atmosphere, 622 ; 

 with hydrogen composes water, 622 ; 

 combines largely with earth and me- 

 tals, 622. 



Owen, Professor, 713. 722. 726. 730.757. 



Oxford cl.-iy, 726, 727 ; stone, 726. 



Oxide of iron, found in basalt, 652. 



Pachydermata, tribes of the, 592. 



Pacific Ocean, 353. 356. 361 ; gale in the, 

 illustration of a, 335 ; winds in the, 

 439, 440 ; isles of the, 592, 593. 



Paderborn, spring at, 268. 



Palaeotherium, the, 741, 745. 



Paley, Archdeacon, his question regard- 

 ing the laws of nature, 182. 



Palitzen, the Saxon astronomical farmer, 

 170. 



Pallas, the planet or asteroid, 91. 



, Professor, 137. 605. 753. 755. 



Palma, velcanic isle of, illustrated, 778, 

 779. 



Palmas, or palm tribe, the, 556, 557 ; view 

 of a forest of, 556 ; description of a 

 palm-grove, 557 ; luxuriance and fer- 

 tility of different species, 557. 



Palmer's Cairns, view of, 680. 



Palmyra, or Tadmor in the desert, 228. 



Paludina, 746. 



Pampas of South America, account ot 

 the, 233 ; pamperos, or hurricanes in 

 the, 451 ; of Buenos Ayres, 450 ; bones 

 in the, 472. 



Panama, isthmus of, 441. 



Paraguay, animals of, 600. 



, river, descent of the,~281. 



Parallax, 1. 9, 10; what, it is defined, 

 with a diagram, 162 ; annual of the 

 fixed stars long a desideratum, 163 ; 

 now ascertained by Professor Bessel, 

 163. 



Parallelism of strata, 630. 



Paramatta, nebula sketched at by Mr. 

 Dunlop, 180. 



Paraselena, or mock-moons, 532. 



Parasitic, and pseudo-parasitic plants, 

 550. 



Parhelia, or mock suns, 530532 ; views 

 of, 531. 



Paris, climate of, 492 ; temperature in 

 the substructions of its Observatory, 

 497. 501 ; built on tertiary strata, 739 ; 

 basin, 743 ; animals of the, illustrated, 

 745. 



, Matthew, citation from his history, 



531, 532. 



Parish, Sir Woodbine, 472. 757. 



Parkinson, observation on fossils of Mr., 

 640. 



Parliament, stone of the new houses of, 

 620. 



Parnassus, Mount, 260 ; view of, 737. 



INDEX. 



Parrot, Dr., the Russian traveller, 488. 



Parry, researches of Captain, 341.344. 

 361. 450. 506. 525. 528, 529. 531, 532. 534. 

 547. 588, 589. 



Patagonians, stature of the, 605. 



Paul's, St., stone of the cathedral of, 724. 



Peach, introduction of the, 508. 



Peat, formation of, 768, 769. 



Pendulum, the, of clocks, an important 

 acquisition to practical astronomy, 32. 



Pennant, Mr., 51)3. 606. 66 1. 664, 665. 



Pennsylvania, State of, rich in coal, 620. 



Pennsylvanian and other American coal 

 districts, 702 ; manner of working, 699, 

 700. 



Pentacrinites, 677 ; Caput Medusae, 678. 



Perca scandens, the climbing-fish, 578. 



Perfection, gradual, of the same animal 

 and vegetable species, an illusive the- 

 ory, 637. 



Peripatetics held the earth to be the 

 centre of the universe, 7. See Aristotle. 



Periods of appearance, the successive, of 

 past and present animal and vegetable 

 races, 638, 639. 



Peroul, ebullient spring at, 274. 



Perturbations of the planets, 40. 



Peru, mountain districts of, 645. 



Petcheres, miserable race of the, 597. 



Peter Botte Mountain, in the Mauritius, 

 view and description of, 202. 



Petersburg, city of St., its perilous site, 

 293 ; falls of rain at, 470 ; snow of, 474. 



Petrifactions, how formed, 277. 399. 



Petroleum springs, 275. 



Peveril of the Peak's castle and cavern, 

 view of, 243. 



Peyronnel, M. de, his researches on 

 corals, 380. 



Phascolotherium, the, 726. 



Phaenogamic plants, 550. 



Phenicians, the reputed inventors of nau- 

 tical astronomy, 144. 



Philippine Islands, 610. 



Phillips, Professor, his table of British 

 fossiliferous rocks, 637 ; notices bv, 658. 

 663. 666. 681. 719. 735'. 772. 777. " 



Philolaus, 7, 8. 



Phlegreean fields, the, 401, 402. 



Phocae, the, or seal tribe, 578. 



Phoenicians, the, 348. 



Phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax, 

 562. 



Phosphorescence of th sea, its cause, 575. 



Physical nature, general analogies of, 

 103 ; diversities of, 104, 105. 



Piazzi's catalogue of the stars, S'r J. 

 Herschel's observations on, 143, 144. 



Pichincha, Mount, 645. 



Pickering, Vale of, 727- 



Pigeons, enormous flock of passenger, 

 584. 



Pike, longevity of the, 575. 



Pillars of Hercules, 341. See Gibraltar. 



Pindar mentions the eruptions of Etna, 

 212, 213. 



Pine tribe, the, 552. 



Pinna marina, the, 572. 



Pisces, or constellation of the Fishes, 152. 



Pitchstone, a bituminous basalt, 653 ; 

 porphyry, 654. 



Pits of coal, British and foreign, 696, 

 et seq. 



Plains, great, list of, 221 ; of the Cau- 

 casus, 224, 225 ; of northern Europe 

 and Asia, 224 ; of Peru, 225 ; of South 

 America, including the llanos, selvas, 

 and pampas, 230233 ; of North Ame- 

 rica, 233235 ; of Thebes, view of, 422 ; 

 of the Himalayas, 487 ; of Africa, 590. 



Planets, what they are, 63 ; are primary 

 and secondary, 63 ; their courses, 63 ; 

 are superior and inferior, 63 ; have 

 symbols, 64; their paths are elliptical, 

 64 ; their distances from the sun, 64 ; 

 orbits of the different, 64; those tech- 

 nically called "superior" (properly 

 exterior), the phenomena they present, 

 89 ; contents and area of the Earth, 

 Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, 102 ; ex- 

 tent of combine 1 surface of, 102, 103; 

 orbits of, 103; analogies between the 

 planets, 104 ; relative distances from 

 the sun, and size of, 105 ; length of day 

 and year of each, 105; form and mag- 

 nitudes of, 105 ; density of the various, 

 106; general observations on the, 107. 



799 



Plants, chapter on the geographical dis- 

 tribution of, 546-571 ; their wide dis- 

 persion, 546; their aggregate numbers 

 and general division, 548550; their 

 relative numbers and respective locali- 

 ties, 550, 551 ; in northern latitudes, 

 551, 552; in temperate regions, 552, 

 553 ; in torrid, 553555 ; in America, 

 555557 ; elevation of places of growth, 

 557 ; marine plants, 558 ; local species, 

 555560 ; reg oils of the various, 560 

 563 ; sources whence all varieties 

 sprang, also their means of dispersion 

 and reproduction, b69,adfinem ; fossil, 

 list of successive, 638, 639 ; sometimes 

 perfect in form, and sometimes bitu- 

 minised, 640. 



Plantain, or banana, the, 557. 



Plastic clay formation, 739. 741. 



Plata, La, or Plate River, 230. 518, 519. 

 588.601. 



Plateans, or table-land, 221223. 



Plato, 6. 8. 



Playfair, Professor, 656. 



Pleiades, the, or starry group in the neck 

 of the Bull, 5, 6 ; ancient fable con- 

 cerning, 32 ; supposed derivation of the 

 term, 144 ; constituents of the group 

 of, 159. 



Plesiosauri, 723, 724. 729. 731. 



P ica polonica, tw disease of, 609. 



Plinlimmon, 642. 662. 



Pliny, 11 ; his description of the Cau- 

 casian defiles, 216; of the Grotto del 

 Cane, 256 ; of the Larian spring, 266 ; 

 and of a river in Judea, 267 ; fount of 

 Amtnon, 271 ;. strange omission of, 273 ; 

 his notices of Dodona fountain, 275 ; 

 his relation regarding Claudius. 313 ; 

 his letter to Callus, 318, 319 ; Observa- 

 tion of oil stilling waves, 351 ; on tides, 

 352; on the Anio floods, 416; of the 

 eruption of Vesuvius, 423, 424 ; hie as- 

 sertion regarding Tullus Hostilius, 

 521 ; and spectral illusions in Scythia, 

 535 ; of the introduction of cherries, 

 568. 



Pliocene, period, the, 639; strata, 641. 

 749, 750. 



Plot, Dr., his History of Oxfordshire, 535. 



Plumbago, or graphite, a carburet of iron, 

 624. 



Pluton-c, or ign-ous rocks, chapter on 

 the, 643; their nature and how clas- 

 sified, 643, 644 ; granitic, 644649 ; 

 foreign bodies found in granite, 649 

 651 ; trappean rocks, 651 655 ; vol- 

 canic rocks, 651656. 



Po, the river, 400. 



Poikilitic system, 708. 



Pole, the, magnetic, 523. 



Polirschiefer, composition of, 749. 



Polistena, effects of volcanic action at, 

 432, 433 ; view of fissures at, 432 ; view 

 of circular hollows at, 433. 



Polypi, tribes of, 572. 



Pompeii, city, 423-425. 781. 



Pompey's pillar, 644. 



Pomponius Mela, 535. 



Pont-Koyal at Paris, quantity of water 

 passing through the, 263. 



Pools, wherein they differ from lakes, 

 308. 



Population of the five regions of the 

 globe, 596. 



Porphyry, 651 ; composition of the por- 

 phyries, 654, 655. 



Portici, city of, 410. 



Portland, stone of the Isle of, 726, 727, 

 728. 



Port Royal in Jamaica, earthquake at, 

 and its effects, 386, 387. 



Portsoy, Banffshire, 644. 649. 651. 



Potato, the, imported from the New 

 World to the Old, 567; this fact 

 doubted by Humboldt, 567 ; but con- 

 firmed by later authorities, 568. 



Potosi, silver mine of, 634. 



Pottery- ware,, frlspar used in compound- 

 ing, 623. 



Powis Castle rock illustrated, 627. 



Pozzuoli, view of, 404; earthquakes at, 

 404. 



Prairies of North America. 589 



Presepe, constellation of, 159. 



President steamer, presumed cause of its 

 loss, 340. 



