800 



Prichard, Dr., his hypothesis of the dis- 

 tribution of plants, 5G4, 565. oG9, 570. 

 572. 592 ; of the varieties of man, 599, 

 et seq. 



Priestley, Dr., 519. 



Primary formations, composition of, 640. 



Hmestone, 660, 661. 



, or metamorphic system, 641 . 



Primitive man, place of the creation of, 

 609,610. 



Prindpia, the, of Newton, 37 ; its estima- 

 tion by Laplace, 38. 



Produce, abundant, of the cocoa-palm, 

 the date-palm, the sago-palm, and the 

 banana, or plantain, 557 ; of the orange, 

 potato, wheat, &c., 570. 



Progress is a la* of universal nature, 

 189, 190. 



Proteus anguineus, the, 571. 



Pront, Mr., his felicitous remark on rain- 

 bows, 533 ; on tropical animals, 584. 



Pryme, Mr., 771, 772. 



Pterichthys, the, illustrated, 688, 689. 



Pterodactyle, the, 723, 724. 729. 



Ptolemies, the, 10. 



Ptolemy, the geographer, 3, 4 11 ; was a 

 learned man, and made the Great Col- 

 lection, or Almagest, 11; diagram of 

 the Ptolemean system, 12; theory of 

 epicycles, 13 ; his later followers tried 

 to amend his scheme, 14 ; was a prac- 

 tical astronomer, 14 ; speaks of vessels 

 of oil being used to observe eclipses, 

 16; mentions the rarefaction of the 

 atmosphere in his treatise on optics, 

 25. 



Pumice-stone, its porousness, 624. 



Puy de Dome, 438 ; de Pariou, 428. 



Pyrenees, valleys of the, 219 ; hot springs 

 of the, 270 ; line of snow on the, 488 ; 

 survey of the, 517 ; geology of the, 634, 

 635. 649, 650. 



Pythagoras, 7 ; his disciples had just no- 

 tions of the solar scheme, 7, 8. 



Pythus, the, oriental, 579. 



Quadrumana, order of. 595. 



Quadrupeds, class of, 584 ; notices of 

 several individuals, 584588 ; topogra- 

 phical distribution of, into 1. the Arc- 

 tic region, 588, 589 ; 2. north temperate 

 region, 589 ; 3. region of intertropical 

 and South America, 589. 590 ; 4. ditto 

 of Africa, 590 ; 5. region of India, 590, 

 591 ; 6. region of Australia, 591, 592; 

 animals which have strayed out of 

 hounds, 592, 593 ; flying, 591 ; of the 

 isles in the Pacific, 593. 



Quartz, what it is, and where found, 623 ; 

 a component of granite, 644. 



Quarry, view of Old Lincoln, 675. 



Quito, genial climate of the city of, 492 ; 

 European corn when first taken to, 

 567. 



Races, mixed human, of America, 604. 



Uaffles, Sir Stamford, his account of the 

 volcano of Sumbawa, 210. 



Hafts of wood originate floating islands, 

 593. 



Rain, is the probable source of springs, 

 263, 264 ; is all-important in fertilising 

 the earth, 462 ; amount of rain, 468 ; 

 distribution of, 469 ; in the tropics, 470, 

 471 ; regions unvisited by, 471 ; or 

 overwhelmed with, 471, 472; annual 

 falls of, in Britain, 473 ; in various 

 countries, 473, 474. 



Rainbow, the solar, how formed, 533; 

 view and description of the lunar, 534, 

 535. 



Ramsgate, singular phenomena seen at, 

 537, 538. 



Rapids, how produced, 283; of St. Anne, 

 on the river St. Lawrence, 284. 294. 



Raratonga island, hurricane in, 455, 

 456. 



Rats, 592. 



Rattle-snak, the, 579. 



Ravenspur, port of, 395. 



Ray, the naturalist, 367. 



Reciprocating springs, 266268. 



Red men, or copper-coloured rades, 599. 

 603. 



Red Sea, 317. 327 ; its colour, 331 ; pre- 

 valent winds in the, 450. 



Redfield, Mr., 455. 



INDEX. 



' 



Refraction in the Polar Sea, view of the 

 effects of, 543 ; of the atmosphere, 52. 



Regions of the globe, climates of the 

 various, 504509. 597, 598 ; had special 

 races of animals and plants assigned to 

 them, 598 ; botanical, of plants, 560 

 564. 



Reid, Colonel, 453455. 



Reindeer, the, all-important to the Lap- 

 landers, 551 ; native region of the, 588. 

 594. 



Relugas, torrential ravages at, 418420. 



Remains, organic, regular distribution 

 of, 619 ; found in mistratified layers, 

 635, et al.j prodigious masses of animal, 

 in the earth's crust, C35, 636; of vege- 

 table, 637. 638 : of South America, 590 ; 

 view of the earliest human, 759. 



Rennell, Major, 360. 370. 



Reptiles, varieties of, 579, 580; preceded 

 mammalia, 537 ; list of successive fossil, 

 638. 639. 



Resina, city of, 410. 



Rha-mni, region of the, 561. 



Rhine, descent of the river, 281 ; colour 

 of its waters, 283 ; basin of the, 

 750. 



Rhinoceros, the, 598. 

 , the fossil, 7 r >5. 



Rhone, glacier of the river, description 

 and view, 218; bise in the valley of 

 the, 456; alluvium of, 776; source of 

 the, 278 ; under-ground course of the, 

 291 ; passes through Lake Leman, 320; 

 colour of its water, 331 ; its embou- 

 chure, 398. 



Rice.plant, locality of the, 553. 



Richard, Abbe, 517. 



Richardson, Dr., 528. 559. 584. 



Rickman, Professor, his death, 522. 



Righi, Mont, 409, 410 ; pass, view of the, 

 409. 



Rio Negro river, its course and dark 

 colour, 283 ; singularity of the, 280. 



Ripple-marks in strata, 6'25. G31 ; of the 

 old world waters, 683. 716. 



Rivers, chapter on, 278 304 : sources of 

 various, 278 ; of the Nile, 279 ; courses 

 of, 279, 280; islands in, 280, 281 ; cur- 

 rents of, 281, 282 ; nature and colour of 

 waters of, 282, 283 ; falls and rapids of, 

 283, 284 ; of the St. Laurence, 284 ; of 

 the Kaaterskill, 284 ; of Tralhetta, 285 ; 

 of Foyers, 286 ; of Schaff hausen, 286 ; 

 of Terni, 286 ; of Staubbach, 286 ; of 

 Tequendama, 286, 287 ; of Niagara, 

 287 290 ; rivers change their levels, 

 292, 293 ; many rise periodically, 293 

 295 ; as the Amazon, Tigris, Ganges, 

 Indus, Euphrates, and Nile, 294 ; an- 

 nual overflow of the latter, 295, 296 ; 

 notices of tropical floods in America, 

 296, 297 ; of the Orinoco, 297, 298 ; bifur- 

 cation of rivers, 298, 299 ; classification 

 of streams, 299 : the Angitas, 299, 300 ; 

 the Jordan, &c., 3oO, 301 ; mouths of 

 rivers, 302, 303. 593 ; table of the great 

 streams of the globe, 303, 304 ; courses 

 of the Amazon, 304, 305 ; of the Missis- 

 sippi, 305307 ; of the Nile, 307 ; de- 

 nudation of the land by rivers, 370 



373 ; rivers disseminate plant-seeds, 

 565, 566 ; raft islands formed at the 

 mouths of, 593; hold petrifying matter 

 in solution, 640. 



Robinson, Dr., his researches in the 

 East, 202. 267. 274. 300. 315, 316. 



Robur Carolinum, constellation of. 148. 



Rochfort, aspect and topography of, 

 238. 



Rocher d'Hericourt, M., his theory 

 317. 



Rock or wall plants, 549. 



Rockall, remarkable island of, 199. 



Rocks torn asunder by frozen water, 

 408 ; unstratifled, 408 ; chapter on the 

 structure and classification of, 622 ; 

 true nature of rocks. 622 ; component 

 parts of, 623, 624 ; structure of, 624, 

 625 ; stratified and unstratified, 625 ; 

 basalts, 626 ; stratified one of aqueous 

 origin, 627 ; varieties of, 627 630 pe- 

 culiarities of structure, 630 632 ; Glen 

 Tilt strata, 632, 633 ; metallic veins, 

 633635 ; fossil iferous and non-fossil- 

 iferous rocks, 635 ; list of strata by Dr. 

 Mantell, 636 ; table of, by Professor 



Phillips, 637 ; arrangement by Leh- 

 man, 637 ; manifestations- of past or- 

 ganic life in rocks, 637 639 ; order of 

 fossil remains in strata, 639, 640 ; gra- 

 nitic, 644651; volcanic, 655, 656; 

 Silurian, 669. 



Rock-salt, 711 ; mines of, 712, 713. 



Rocky Mountains, 552. 558. 589. 626. 



Roemar, inventor of the transit instru- 

 ment, 34. 



Romans, the ancient, adverse to the cul- 

 tivation of the physical sciences, 16 ; 

 their parti ility for Baiae 403; received 

 the vine from the Greeks, 568. 



Rome, city of, its volcanic site, 427- 



Rosa, Mont, 650. 



Rosiano, volcanic chasm in the district 

 of, 433. 



Rosenberg, or Mount Ruffi, fall of the, 

 408410. 



Rose-tree, the, unknown in South 

 America, 558. 



Ross, Captains, their discoveries and 

 observations, 196. 331. 337. 339, 340, 

 341. 523. 



Rosse, Earl of, his great telescope, 45. 

 183. 



Royal Academy of Science of Paris, its 

 foundation and first members, 34. 



Society of London, its foundation 



and early members. 34. 



Rubbish, plants found on, 549. 



Russegger and Berton, Messrs., 316. 



Saas, valley of, 650. 



Sabine, Captain, 360. 525. 568. 



Sabrina island, its appearance and disap- 

 pearance, 375. 



Saddleback mou-.tain, 663. 



Sagittarius, or constellation of the 

 Archer, 151. 



Sahara, desert of, 226 ; traversed by ca- 

 ravans, 226 ; subject to sand-storms 

 226 ; and the mirage, 227 ; limits and 

 description of, 228 ; passage regarding, 

 from " Eothen," 228, 229 ; is rainless, 

 471 ; dromedary of, 590. 



Salem in Massachusetts, rock of syenetic 

 greenstone at, 633. 



Salisbury Crags greenstone rocks, 626. 

 652. 



Salt, Mr.. 296. 



Salt in saline springs, 777. 



Saltness of the ocean, 327 329. 



Salverte, M., 521, 522. 



Samiel wind, or Simoom, 447449. 



Sand plants, their growth and uses, 

 549. 



Sandstone, period of the red. 638; its com- 

 position and where found, 710; imprints 

 in, 716; systems, old and new, 641,642; 

 chapter on the old red, 681 690 ; gene- 

 ral composition of, 681684 ; vegetable 

 remains in, 684 ; fossil fishes of, 684 

 686; the cephalaspis, &c., 686690; 

 the new red, chapter on, 707 716; 

 series of its beds, 708 ; illustration of 

 fossil remains in, 709 ; localities, 709, 

 710 ; magnesian limestone, gypsum, 

 rock-salt, 711 ; saliferous strata, 712; 

 organic fossils, 713716. 



Santa Fe de Bogota, city of, its lofty site, 

 222. 



Santorin, Gulf of, 374. 



Saratoga, lake, description and view of, 

 320, 321. 



Satellites, those of Jupiter and Saturn 

 conceived by some to have been known 

 to the ancients, 16 ; Jupiter's disco- 

 vered by Galileo. 29, 30 ; the number 

 allotted "to the various known planets, 

 89. 



Saturn, the planet, his fourth satellite 

 discovered by Huygens, 34 ; and four 

 others by Cassini, 34 ; mean distance 

 of this planet from the sun, 97 ; time 

 occupied in his circuit round the sun, 

 97 ; length of his day, 97 ; diameter of, 

 97 ; form and rings of, 98 ; belts of, 99 ; 

 days and seasons of, 99; satellites of, 

 99 ; general system, his, 99 ; orbital 

 schemes of, 100 ; his satellites, the 

 various phases of, 101 ; area and solid 

 contents of, 102 ; inclination of, to the 

 earth, 104 ; density of, 106 ; is 900,000,000 

 miles distant from the earth, 164. 



Sauroidichnites, 714. 



