OF THE ORGANS. 73 



Plantago species. In the Geranium, the loose bladder spring- 

 ing up laterally terminates in a bill-shaped appendage, which 

 fixes itself to the pistil ; (Tab. I. Fig. 17.) Cocculi in cau- 

 dam longam terminati, GcTrt. Linnaeus called this part, im- 

 properly, arillus. 



When a fruit of this kind is furnished with a membrana- 

 ceous wing, it is called samara, as in the Elm, and partly in 

 the Maple. 



On these simple fruits appear appendages, which serve 

 for their dispersion. Small chains {catenida:), are attach- 

 ed to the seeds of the Jungermanniae, Marchantiae, and 

 Targionia hypophylla, (Tab. III. Fig. 8.) Thread-shaped 

 appendages, under the name of tails (cauda), are found in 

 the fruit of Clematis and Puccinia. Hairs, which spring 

 from the base, form the tuft (coma), as in Epilobium ; (Tab. 

 I. Fig. 13.) 



Further, the pappus {pappus) is an important part, being 

 the remnant of tlie covering calyx, which still continues in the 

 achenia of the Aggregatae and Composita?. It is bristly 

 (setaceus), when it consists of stiff hairs ; (Tab. I. Fig. 6.) 

 hairy (pilosus, capillaris), when it consists of soft long hairs ; 

 awned (aristatus), when the bristles are thick below, and 

 long ; plumose (plumosus), when the hairs are beset with 

 smaller hairs; pencil-shaped {pencillatus), when small hairs 

 stand on the top of the hairs, (Tab. I. Fig. 12.) ; chaffy 

 (paleaceiis), when dry membranes crown the seed ; (Tab, 

 VIII. Fig. 8.) 



In the caryopses and achenia of the Umbelliferous plants, 

 the peculiar sap-vessels, under the external membrane, are 

 called vittas. The ribs of the fruit are caWedjitga, or costtz ; 

 the hollows, or small valleys between them, are called vaU 

 licula. 



110. 



Pericarps are divided according to their compartments, 

 their valves, and their partitions. 



Compartments (loculi), are the chambers, or divisions of 

 the vessel containing the seed ; hence wc say, bilocular, trilo- 



3 



