CL. xxn.] :M-. rsAi.ix CArjiiLA. -143 



Bot 1434. (var. 1.) Ser. Sal p. 12. ^V/Ju t. 317. c. 



n. 12. 

 S. sphacelata, Engl Bot 2333. (var. 3.) 

 S. Janata, Light/. Scot. 602. (var. 3.) 

 S. aquatica, Smith, FL Brit. 3. 1065. Engl Bot. 1437. 



(var. 5.) 

 S. tomentosa, Ser. Sal p. 14. 



Geographical Distribution. 



Few trees have so extensive a distribution. It grows 

 throughout the whole of Europe, from the forests of Arca- 

 dia (37°), to the woody heights of Kautokeimo, ont he Alten- 

 Elf, in Lapland, (69°). It passes also into Siberia, where 

 it is found abundantly in all its varieties. But it is not a na- 

 tive either of Japan or of North America. 



Uses. 



The bark contains tanning matter, and is hence used iii 

 the preparation of leather ; and in Sriuilcmd it is employed 

 in the manufacture of the gloves called Klipping. The bark 

 is also used in the making of Danish gloves, and of Russian 

 leather. The bark of the young shoots is used, instead of 

 Peruvian bark, in medicines for the poor. It operates simply 

 as an astringent and tonic, and, as it wants cinchonin, and 

 the spicy matter of Peruvian bark, it may be used in common 

 intermittent fevers, with ammonia, and to prevent inflamma- 

 tion. In other diseases it lies too heavy on the stomach, and 

 must be taken in too great quantity, if it is expected to ope- 

 rate. The bark also contains colouring matter, which may 

 be applied to woollen cloth, that has previously been treated 

 with bismuth, and produces a beautiful apricot-yellow colour. 

 Linen yarn is dyed bkvck by it, when it has previously been 

 mixed with alder bark. 



The wood is very tough, and is easily cleft. Hence in 

 Thuringia, sieves, and other plaited utensils, are constructed 

 of it. Ra,y maintains, that very good straps are made of it, 

 on which knives may be sharpened. It is also used for ma- 

 king handles to knives, and other instruments. Although it 



