48 TREES 



suitable for ship-building and the construction 

 of the heavier articles of furniture. The bark 

 has valuable astringent properties, and a 

 decoction of oak-galls with the addition of 

 a solution of sulphate of iron produces a black 

 ink. There are several species of ornamental 

 oaks, of which the longest established in this 

 country and the most familiar is the Holm, 

 Holly, or Evergreen Oak (Quercus ilex), which 

 has leathery leaves, with edges smooth, saw- 

 like, or spined. As its name indicates, the 

 tree has a superficial resemblance to a holly. 



The 'pillared elm' comes next. There 

 are two distinct species. The Common Elm 

 (Ulmus campestris), Plate L, Fig. 2, is the more 

 common in the southern part of England; 

 the Wych Elm (Ulmus montana) in the 

 northern portion and Scotland. Both have 

 cork-like bark and leaves with a hairy surface, 

 nearly as rough as sand-paper. They may be 

 distinguished by observing that the common 

 elm has leaves from two to three inches in 

 length, finely notched, and seeds placed near 

 the end of their oblong envelope ; while the 

 wych elm has its leaves longer, wider, and 

 more deeply notched, and seeds set in the 



