GENERAL ZOOLOGICAL FACTS AND THEORIES 305 



to this author, " For the inheritance of instincts it is only neces- 

 sary that the egg contain certain substances which will deter- 

 mine the different tropisms and the conditions for producing 

 bilateral symmetry of the embryo " (251). 



Many other competent authorities maintain that " we cannot 

 exclude a psychic element from the definition of ' instinct ' with- 

 out ignoring its very nature and taking it for a reflex motion, 

 ..." (277, p. o), and that in both the lower and higher animals 

 " the behavior is not as a rule on the tropism plan a set, forced 

 method of reacting to each particular agent but takes place in a 

 much more flexible, less directly machinelike way, by the method 

 of trial and error ..." although " tropic action doubtless 

 occurs . . ." (245, p. 252). 



c. The Animal Mind 



Mind is " The individual's conscious process, together with the 

 lispositions and predispositions which condition it. It is thus 

 the individual's consciousness, with its capabilities; its capabili- 

 ties including all faculties, powers, capacities, aptitudes, and dis- 

 dtions, acquired and innate " (226, Vol. II, p. 82). We may 

 lope to determine, therefore, the character of an animal's mind 

 >y attempting to investigate its conscious behavior. 



We should understand at the beginning of cur discussion that 



icre is no general agreement with regard to the presence of mind 

 animals. One school of investigators believes that all animals 

 ire conscious; another, that only those that show certain kinds 

 )f behavior should be considered conscious; and a third school 

 lolds that there is no evidence of mind, and that comparative 



sychology should be abandoned, and behavior should be ex- 

 >lained in physiological terms. Certain members of these schools 



ilieve with Forel that it is " possible to demonstrate the existence 

 of memory, associations of sensory images, perceptions, atten- 

 tion, habits, simple powers of inference from analogy, the utiliza- 

 tion of individual experience, and hence distinct, though feeble, 

 x 



