RUMINA. 213 



decussata, p. 203. BOURGUIGNAT, Malaeologie de 1'Algerie, ii, 

 1864, p. 3, pi. 1, f. 1-21 (varieties). Stenogyra d. var. clavi- 

 formis KOB., Jahrb., ix, 1882, p. 71. Cf. Zool. Rec., 1898, p. 

 60 (cerebral ganglia) ; Wiegmann in Weber's Zool. Ergebnisse 

 einer Reise in Niederlandisch Ost-Indien, iii, pp. 220, 221 

 (anatomy). Binney, Terrestrial Mollusks, v, p. 192, pi. 50, f. 

 1 (shell), pi. iv, f. Q (teeth). Rumina decollate, Risso, Hist. 

 Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 79. FISCHER & CROSSE, Moll. Mex., i, 

 p. 630, pi. 28, f. 16, 17 (-teeth) . Stenogyra decollata L., 

 KOBELT in Rossmassler's Iconogr. n. F. ? i, p. 54, pi. 20, f. 

 157-167 (varieties) ; Supplem., p. 59, pi. 21, f. 6, 7 (Cyprus) ; 

 Nactibl. D. M. Ges., 1885, p. 42 (large f orm) . Bulimus multi- 

 latus SAY, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, p. 373 (1822). 

 B. "mutilatus Say" Binney, The Complete Writings of 

 Thomas Say, p. 25 (1858). Bulimus truncatus Zgl., teste 

 MOUSSON, Malak. BL, 1856, p. 177 ; Jahrb., i, p. 93. Bulimus 

 paiva LOWE, Journal and Proc. Linnean Soc., v, 1861, p. 201. 



Orbitina truncatella Risso, t. c., p. 82, pi. 3, f. 25, and 0. 

 incomptirabilis Risso, p. 82, pi. 3, f. 23 (young). Bulimus 

 decapitatus SPIX, Testae. Bras., p. 8, pi. 8, f. 3. 



The references could be greatly extended, only a few lead- 

 ing ones appearing above. For others see Pfr., Kobelt, et al. 



There are three subspecies of R. decollata: (1) the large 

 African form, further distinguished by its decussated sur- 

 face; (2) the South European typical form, Spain to Sicily, 

 of moderate size, malleated; and (3) the small, slender form 

 of Greece and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. 



Subspecies PAIV.E Lowe. PI. 53, all figs, except 63 and 70. 



Shell large or very large, robust, and usually conspicuously 

 decussated on the spire. This is the African race, Morocco to 

 Algeria. Various local varieties have been defined. In addi- 

 tion to the following, I find a var. saharica Deb. from southern 

 Morocco mentioned (J. de C., xlvi, p. 161), but have seen no 

 description or figure of it. Rumina atlantica Pallary, Mem. 

 Soc. Geol. France, Paleontology, ix, 1901, is a fossil form ap- 

 parently referable to paiva. Pfeiffer in 1848 (Monographia, 

 ii, p. 153) applied the term "major" to large decollata, but 



