NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. 81 



Shingabowassin responded ; he was seconded by Sluugwakonce, 

 or tlie Little Pine. Of this effort we knew nothing at tlie moment, 

 but the facts were afterwards learned. It was evident, before the 

 day had passed, that a better state of feeling existed among the 

 ■Indians. The chief Shingabowassin, under the friendly influences 

 referred to, renewed the negotiations. Towards evening a council 

 of the chiefs was convened in one of the buildings of this Poca- 

 hontean counsellor, and the treaty of the IGtli June, 1820 {vide 

 Ind. Treaties United States) signed. In this treaty every leading 

 man united, except Sassaba. The Little Pine signed it, under 

 one of his synonymous names, Lavoine Bart. By this treaty 

 the Chippewas cede four miles square, reserving the right of a 

 place to fish at the rapids, perpetually. The consideration for 

 this cession, or acknowledgment of title, was promptly paid in 

 merchandise. 



The way being thus prepared for our entry into Lake Superior, 

 it was decided to proceed the next day. Before leaving this 

 point, it may be observed that the falls are produced by a stratum 

 of red sandstone rock, which crosses the bed of the St. Mary's at 

 this place. The last calcareous formation, seen in ascending the 

 straits, is at Isle a la Crosse. As we proceed north, the erratic 

 block stratum becomes heavier, and abraded masses of the granite, 

 trap, sandstone, and hornblende series are confusedly piled together 

 on the lake shores, and are abundant at the foot of these falls. In 

 the central or middle channel, the waters leap from a moderate 

 height, from stratum to stratum, at two or three points, producing 

 the appearance, when seen from below, of a mass of tumbling waves. 

 The French word Sault (pronounced so) accurately expresses this 

 kind of pitching rapids or falls. The Indians call it Bawateeg, or 

 Pawateeg, when speaking of the phenomenon, and Bawating or 

 Pawating, when referring to the place. Paugwa is an expression 

 denoting shallow water on rocks. The inflection eeg is an ani- 

 mate plural. Ing is the local terminal form of nouns. In the 

 south or American channel, there is no positive leap of the water, 

 but an intensely swift current, which is parted by violent jets, 

 between rocks, still pe/mitting canoes, skilfully guided, to de- 

 scend, and empty boats to be drawn up. But these falls are a 

 complete check to ship navigation. The descent of water has 

 been stated by Colonel Gratiot, of the United States Engineers, 

 6 



