APPENDIX. 485 



lively indicating, united, solid, undivided. And it acquires a 

 plural signification by doubling, or repeating the first syllable, with 

 a slight variation of the second. Thus, Pai-haizhik denotes not 

 o?ze, or an^ but several ; and when thus used in the context, renders 

 the noun governed plural. Osluzh is the nail, claw, or horny 

 part of the foot of beasts, and supplies the first substantive mem- 

 ber of the compound gauzJi. The final vowel is from aJauaisi, a 

 beast; and the marked o, an inseparable connective, the office of 

 which is to make the two members coalesce, and harmonize. The 

 expression thus formed becomes a substantive, specific in its ap- 

 plication. It may be rendered plural like the primitive nouns, 

 may be converted into a verb, has its diminutive, derogative, and 

 local form, and, in short, is subject to all the modifications of other 

 substantives. 



Most of the modern nouns are of this complex character. And 

 they appear to have been invented to designate objects, many of 

 which were necessarily unknown to the Indians in the primitive 

 ages of their existence. Others, like their names for a copper- 

 kettle and a horse, above mentioned, can date their origin further 

 back than the period of the discovery. Of this number of nascent 

 words, are most of their names for those distilled or artificial 

 liquors, for which they are indebted to Europeans. Their name 

 for water, neehi, for the fat of animals, iveenin, for oil or grease, 

 pimmidai^ for broth, ndhdb, and for blood, mislavi^ belong to a 

 very remote era, although all but the first appear to be com- 

 pounds. Their names for the tinctures or extracts derived from 

 the forest, and used as dyes, or medicines, or merely as agreeable 

 drinks, are mostly founded upon the basis of the word dbo, a 

 liquid, although this word is never used alone. Thus — 



From Shomin, a grape, tibo, a liquor. 

 From Islikodiii, fire, &c. 

 From Mishimin, an apple, &c. 

 From Totosh, the female breast, &c. 

 From Slieewun, sour, &c. 

 From Annibeesliun, leaves, &c. 

 From Ozhibiegai, he writes, &c. 



In like manner their names for the various implements and 

 utensils of civilized life, are based upo^ the word Jeegtm^ one 

 of those primitives, which, although never disjunctively used, 

 denotes, in its modified forms, the various senses implied by our 



