R/iamHus. RIIAMNACE.E. 407 



•4 — I— Leaves deciduous, never i)Uii;;eiit : fruit bttoiiiiiig iicurl v lilack ; cocci at nioht tardily 

 deiiisceut. 



++ I'etali) present : flowers mostly 4-nierous. 



= Long shoots ending in spines: leaves suboj)[x)8ite. 

 R. catiiArtica, L. Becoming a small rough-l»arked tree witli glaltmus mottled twigs : leaves 

 broadly elliptical to sul)Ovate, somewhat acute at base, often Idunt-ixjinted, crenulate or 

 serrulate, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath (some of the veins running to the 

 apex), 1 to 2 inches long, on slender petioles: flowers ajipearing shortly after the leaves, 

 mostly solitary in the lower axils: jjcdicels glabrous, 3 f)r 4 lines long: carjjels 3 or 4 : 

 groove of seed deep and narrow. — Spec. i. 19:5; Hrongn. Mc'm. Hbamii. 7fi, t. 2, f. 4 ; Torr. 

 & (Jray, Fl. i. 261 ; Nutt. Silv. ii. 53; Millspaugh, Med. I'l. i. t. 41 ; Treleaxe, 1. c. 365.— 

 A hedge plant, escaping somewhat in the East, said to be abun<iaiit in \'irginia, Vunhy. 

 (Introd. from Old World.) 

 = = Not spinose : leaves 4-ranked iu iuterruj)ted decussate j)airs, or on leaders unifijrmly 



distributed. 

 R. lanceolata, Pirsh. Tall shrub : the gray brauchlets pubcrulent or glabratc : leaves 

 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or acute at base, from rounded Itecoming blunt-jiointed 

 wlieii grown, minutely incurved-serrulate, finely piuuately veined, from golden-pul)erulent 

 becoming mostly glabrous at least above, 1 to 3 iuches long, short-petioled : flowers appear- 

 ing with the leaves, 2 or 3 in each of the lower axils : pedicels at length glabrescent, 1 to 

 3 lines long: carpels 2 : seed with a broad open groove. — Fl. i. 166; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 

 261 ; Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 180, t. 168; Trelease, 1. c. 365; Greene, Erythea, iv. 85. Ii' Short ii, 

 Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 91. A*, purvifolius, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 202. R. Smithii, Greene, 

 Pittonia, iii. 17, &. Erythea, iv. 1.34. — Pennsylvania to Colorado, Central Texas, and 

 Alabama. 



++ ++ Apetalous : flowers 5-merous : seeds scarcely grooved : twigs not spinose. 

 R. alnifolia, L'IIkr. Lowsiuub: the gray or mottled branches mostly pubcrulent : leaves 

 elliptical, obtuse to mostly acuminate, more coarsely incurved-serratc or biserrate, with 

 coarse upcurved veins, soon glabrate except for some veins, 1 to mostly 4 inches long : 

 flowers appearing nearly with the leaves, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the lower a.xils : 

 pedicels glabrate, 1 to 4 lines long: carpels 3: seed flat, with flat thin cotyledons. — Sert. 

 Angl. 5 ; Guirap. Otto & Hayue, Abbild. llolzart. 77, t. 61 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Ain. i. 122, t. 42 ; 

 Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 262 ; Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 180 ; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif, i. 100 ; Trelea.<e, 

 Lc. 366; Greene, Erythea, iv. 86. A'. /W»H^((/o(Wes, Michx. i'l. i. 153 ; Pursii, Fl. i. 166. Gir- 

 tanneria aini/o/ia, & G. franguloidex, Raf. Sylv. Tellnr. 28. — Swamps, Maine to Brit. 

 Columbia, south to New Jersey in the East, and iu the West to Wyoming, Oregon, and the 

 mountains of Northern California. 

 «t * Flowers mostly perfect, appearing after the leaves, most of the umbels pedunculate : 



fruit becoming nearly idack ; cocci at most tardily dehiscent ; seeds notched at base, not 



grooved, with lateral rhaphe ; cotyledons thick and fleshy : winter buds naked, hairy : 



leaves alternate. — § Frangula. 



R, Caroliniana, Walt. Tall shrub or small tree witli more or less pubcrulent gray or 

 re<ldish often mottled twigs: leaves oblong-elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, minutely 

 revolute, entire to remotely and obscurely low-serrate or crenulate, coarsely pinnately 

 veined and sometimes with conspicuous transverse connecting veinlcts, pul)erulent below or 

 glal)rescent, 2 to 5 inches long, firm, sometimes glossy, short-])etioled, deciduous: peduncle 

 1 to 4 lines long, not exceeding the petioles; i>edicels 2 or 3 lines long, both usually hairy : 

 flowers 5-merous : carpels 3. — Car. 101 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 262 ; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 50, t. 59 : 

 Trelease, 1. c. 366 ; Sargent, Silv. ii. 35, t. 61 ; fJreene, Erythea, iv. 135. Frangula Jragilis, 

 Raf. Fl. Ludov. 97. F. Caroliniana, Gray, Gen. 111. ii. 178, t. 167. Sarcompfialtts Caro- 

 linianus, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 29. — Missouri to North Carolina, Florida, and Texas. 



R. Fr.^nocla, L. Small tree: leaves broadly ellijitical to mo.stly obovate, frei|uently acumi- 

 nate, usually cuneately narrowed at base, entire or very minutely denticulate, about 2 imlie.^ 

 long, thin, very .slender-petioled : pedicels usually in.<erteil directly on the .-Jtem : other»i.>;c 

 resembling the preceding species. — Spec. i. 193; Greene, Erythea, iv. 136; Pollard, Bot. 



