136 NERVE INJURIES 



functions could be transposed. Thus he turned the 

 cat's vagus into the cervical sympathetic, and allowed 

 regeneration to take place. The vagus is of course 

 the nerve of swallowing, and therefore, whenever 

 the cat lapped milk, all the effects of stimulation of 

 the cervical sympathetic were seen on the side 

 operated on dilatation of the pupil, sweating, 

 retraction of the nictitating membrane, pallor of the 

 ear, and bristling of the hair. When, however, the 

 (purely sensory) lingual nerve and the (purely motor) 

 hypoglossal were crossed in like manner there was 

 no result. 



The method of nerve anastomosis was introduced 

 into practical surgery by Ballance, who put part of 

 the spinal accessory nerve into the peripheral end 

 of the degenerated facial nerve to relieve intractable 

 facial palsy. The result was excellent, but there was 

 a tendency, of course, for the face and the trapezius 

 to contract together, and smiling was accompanied 

 by jerking of the shoulder. To avoid this the hypo- 

 glossal is now utilized instead of the spinal acces- 

 sory. It was hoped that there was a wide field of 

 usefulness before this device of nerve anastomosis, 

 especially in infantile palsy. For instance, if the 

 anterior tibial muscles and peronei alone were 

 affected, the external popliteal might be divided and 

 the peripheral end put into a notch in the internal 

 popliteal. Unhappily, published results are very 

 disappointing, at any rate in the case of infantile 

 paralysis ; probably even the anterior horn cells 

 supplying useful muscles have been somewhat 

 damaged, and cannot take on more than ordinary 



