20 DOGS AND ALL ABOUT THEM 



instrument was used to force back the face by means of thumb- 

 screws. The nose should be rough, large, broad, and black, 

 and this colour should extend to the lower lip ; its top should 

 be deeply set back, almost between the eyes. The distance 

 from the inner corner of the eye to the extreme tip of the nose 

 should not be greater than the length from the tip of the nose 

 to the edge of the under lip. The nostrils should be large and 

 wide, with a well-defined straight line visible between them. 

 The largeness of nostril, which is a very desirable property, is 

 possessed by few of the recent prize-winners. 



When viewed in profile the tip of the nose should touch an 

 imaginary line drawn from the extremity of the lower jaw to 

 the top of the centre of the skull. This angle of the nose and 

 face is known as the lay-back, and can only properly be ascer- 

 tained by viewing the dog from the side. 



The inclination backward of the nose allows a free passage 

 of the air into the nostrils whilst the dog is holding his quarry. 

 It is apparent that if the mouth did not project beyond the 

 nose, the nostrils would be flat against the part to which the 

 dog was fixed, and breathing would then be stopped. 



The upper lip, called the " chop," or flews, should be thick, 

 broad, pendant and very deep, hanging completely over the 

 lower jaw at the sides, but only just joining the under lip in 

 front, yet covering the teeth completely. The amount of 

 " cushion " which a dog may have is dependent upon the thick- 

 ness of the flews. The lips should not be pendulous. 



The upper jaw should be broad, massive, and square, the 

 tusks being wide apart, whilst the lower jaw, being turned 

 upwards, should project in front of the upper. The teeth 

 should be large and strong, and the six small teeth between 

 the tusks should be in an even row. The upper jaw cannot be 

 too broad between the tusks. If the upper and lower jaws 

 are level, and the muzzle is not turned upwards the dog is said 

 to be " down-faced," whilst if the underjaw is not undershot 

 he is said to be " froggy." A " wry-faced " dog is one having 

 the lower jaw twisted, and this deformity so detracts from the 



