THE BULLDOG. 169 



falling away tinder the eyes, the cheek-bones "being prominent, showing a good 

 girth from depth as well as breadth. The nasal bones and cartilages must be very 

 short, so that the end of the nose lies sloping back considerably behind the level 

 of the teeth, reducing the distance between it and the eyes to a minimum. The 

 " shortness of face," as it is called, is considered of great importance, for the reason 

 given in the introductory remarks. The nose itself should be broad, damp, and 

 black, with the nostrils wide open, having a cleft between them. A light- 

 coloured ("Dudley") or a parti- coloured ("-butterfly") nose is especially ob- 

 jected to. 



6. The chop (value 5) or lips should completely cover the teeth, the more the 

 better. 



7. The mouth and lower jaw (value 5) must be wide and square. The lower 

 jaw should be well turned up, and project beyond the upper. The canine teeth 

 (tusks) should be strong and set wide apart, and the incisors in an even row and of 

 regular size. 



8. The neck (value 5) should be moderately long, but arched and very muscular, 

 and should be clothed with a quantity of loose skin hanging down in the form of 

 a double dewlap. 



9. Shoulders and chest (value 10). The shoulder-blades should be long, and 

 strongly covered with muscle. The chest must be very wide and deep, giving a great 

 girth, the thickness of brisket being specially to be noted as different from that of 

 all other dogs in reference to the width between the elbows. 



10. The lack (value 5) must be short, and arched at the loin (" reached "), 

 showing a great width of the dorsal muscles running up in a hollow between the 

 shoulder blades, which, combined with the arched loin, should make the dog look 

 lower before than behind. There is rather a " tucked-up " appearance at the loins, 

 from the shortness of the back ribs as compared with those in front, a " cobby " 

 shape being undesirable. 



11. The tail (value 5) or stern should be set on low. It should be very fine, 

 and by no means long. A twist is considered desirable rather than otherwise, and 

 many go so far as to admire what is called a " screw." It must not be carried over 

 the back, and a hooked end is a bad fault. 



12. Fore legs and feet (value 5). The legs should be short, straight, and well 

 clothed at the arms or " calves " as they are called with muscle. This, being 

 chiefly on the outside, often gives the bulldog's forelegs an appearance as if crooked, 

 which they ought not really to be, and really are not in a well-made dog. The 

 elbows should be set on to the true arm wide apart, the arm itself sloping out from 

 the shoulder joint. The ankles, or pasterns, must be as nearly upright and straight 

 as possible, showing plenty of bone ; but very few even of the best dogs quite come 

 up in this point, and it must not, therefore, be much insisted on. The feet should 

 have the toes well split up and arched, but most of the best dogs exhibit rather a 

 wide or " splayed " formation of the feet. 



13. Hind legs and feet (value 5). The hind legs should be well turned out at 

 the stifles, and in at the hocks, giving an appearance of what is called " cow hocks." 



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