LIFE HISTORY OF A LIVERWORT 221 



they twist with a jerking motion, which helps to project 

 the spores out to a distance from the parent plant. The 

 advantage of this is self-evident. 



201. Germination. In some, if not all, species of 

 Anthoceros, the spores germinate best after a resting 

 period of several weeks or months. Early in germination 

 chlorophyll develops in a plastid contained in the spore, 

 and a germination-tube, or protonema, forms, long in 

 some species, shorter in others, and at the tip of this tube 

 a thallus develops. 



202. Summary of Life History. The life history of 

 Anthoceros is, in outline, as follows (it is illustrated dia- 

 grammatically in Fig. 167): 



OUTLINE OF LIFE HISTORY OF ANTHOCEROS 



/ Anthoceros-plant (gametophyte} 



r r~ 



< Antheridia Archegonia <?<^ 



4, 4- 



Sperms Egg " ^ 



Fertilization 



Oosperm (zygote) 



4- 4- 



Embryo C 



4- 4- 



Mature sporophyte (mature zygote) .' 



4- 4- 



S pore-mother-cell 



^ j Reduction 

 Spore Spore Spore Spore J 



4- 



Protonema 



4- 



Anthoceros-plant (gametophyte) 



