466 TUBE-BLADDERED GROUP. 



elongate, with the scales of moderate size, and the lateral line running below the 



middle of the tail. The fins are generally similar to those of the last genus ; and 



the lower jaw projects more or less beyond the upper, which is protractile. In 



the hinder part of the abdomen the scales do not extend across the sharp lower 



edge. Generally about 4 or 5 inches in length, and never exceeding 7, the 



common bleak is steel-blue in colour above, with silvery white sides and under 



surface, and the dorsal and caudal fins grey, the others being colourless. It is 



found in rivers, lakes, and ponds, preferring clear water; and in calm, warm 



weather swimming rapidly about near the surface in search of flies and other 



insects. During the spawning-season, which is in May and June, bleak collect in 



large shoals, which are preyed upon not only by perch, but likewise by gulls 



and terns. 



Nearly allied to the bleak is a small fish (Leucaspius delineatus) from the 



rivers of Eastern and Southern Europe, distinguished by the extreme shortness of 



the lateral line, which scarcely extends beyond the extremities of the pectoral fins. 



The scales also are of a regular ovate form, without the distinct fan-like rays so 



characteristic of the bleak. 



The last member of this great subfamily that we shall mention 

 Sichel. ... . 



is the curious-looking fish (Pelecus cultratus) shown in the upper 



figure of the illustration on p. 465, known in Germany as the sichel, and forming 



the sole representative of its genus. It is at once characterised by the whole of 



the abdominal surface of the oblong and compressed body forming a sharp cutting 



edge ; the scales being small, and the lateral line making a sudden descent behind 



the pectoral fin towards the lower surface. The cleft of the mouth is always 



peculiar in having a nearly perpendicular direction. The pectoral fins are 



unusually tall, and the dorsal is placed far back, and above the anal, which 



resembles that of the bream in its numerous rays. On the pharyngeal bones the 



teeth are arranged in a double series, and are strongly hooked. In profile this 



fish, which generally ranges from 6 inches to a foot in length, is remarkable for 



the straightness of the line of the back, and the convexity of its lower border. It 



is widely distributed in Eastern Europe, being common in the Black and Caspian 



seas, as well as in their affluent rivers. In form this fish makes a curious approach 



to the members of the herring tribe. 



With the small fishes known as loaches, of which there are three 



European genera, we come to the second subfamily (Cobitince) of 



the carp tribe, which is characterised by the air-bladder being either partially or 



entirely enclosed in a bony capsule ; false gills being always absent. In these 



fishes the body may be elongate, oblong, compressed, or cylindrical, but is never 



depressed ; the muzzle and lips are fleshy ; and the small, inferiorly-placed mouth 



is furnished with from six to twelve barbels. The median fins are spineless, the 



dorsal having a variable number of rays, but the short anal possessing but few, 



while the pelvic pair may be wanting ; scales small, rudimental, or absent, and when 



present, cycloid, and usually immersed in mucus ; in one Oriental genus, developed 



upon the back and sides of the head. The loaches of this subfamily are confined 



to Europe and Asia ; and while some of those from the former continent are 



partial to swift clear streams with a stony bottom, the Indian forms delight in 



