GREAT EPIDEMICS ASIATIC CHOLERA. 379 



her of that year it had reached Astrakhan. It appeared 

 there, however, for a short time only ; but, in 1829, the chol- 

 era, which had raged without intermission in Northern Persia 

 and Afghanistan, was brought to Orenburg, then to Tiflis, 

 then to Astrakhan, and this time it prevailed over all Rus- 

 sia. By the 20th of September, 1830, it broke out at Mos- 

 cow, where it continued a year. The plague then spread 

 as far as Kiev, and throughout all the western provinces of 

 Russia up to the frontiers of Poland. The armies at that 

 time in the field in that country aided perceptibly in the 

 spread of the disease, and the transmission of the epidemic 

 by the movement of troops was distinctly observed there 

 for the first time. In May and June, 1831, Moldavia and 

 Galicia, and, in August, Prussia, were invaded ; then came 

 the turn of Hungary, Transylvania, and the Baltic coasts. 

 The 27th of January, in 1832, the cholera was announced 

 at Edinburgh, and on the 10th of February its presence 

 was made known in London. From the English coasts the 

 scourge threatened France and Holland. The 15th of 

 March, 1832, it appeared at Calais, and on the 26th of 

 March it was at Paris. The epidemic in the great city 

 lasted six months ; it gained its greatest intensity the 9th 

 of April, on which day there were eight hundred and 

 fourteen deaths, remained stationary for a few days, and 

 then began to decrease ; eighteen thousand four hundred 

 people were.carried off, out of a population of nine hundred 

 and forty-five thousand inhabitants. From Paris the plague 

 had radiated in all directions, and reached the rest of 

 France by slow degrees. English emigrants had carried it 

 on the other hand to America, Portugal, and Spain. It 

 did not reach Italy before 1835. Switzerland and Greece 

 were spared. The first invasion, as we see, was very slow ; 

 it took twenty years to reach all the world. The latter 

 invasions will display more rapidity. Owing to the activ- 

 ity of transfers, the speed and frequency of communication, 



