20 NATURE STUDIES. 



in a double existence. Besides that waking self of 

 which the savage is hazily conscious, there must be 

 another self, which, roaming the world while the body 

 is at rest, sees and does the things dreamed. Waking, 

 the savage knows, or will be told, that whatever his 

 dreams reveal to the contrary, he has not moved from, 

 the place where he lay down; therefore it is that 

 ghost-soul that other self which has been away on 

 the strange or familiar errand. And such belief in 

 another self in the body, yet at times not of it is 

 confirmed by daily experience. There are the suspen- 

 sions of consciousness witnessed in swoon, apoplexy, 

 catalepsy, and other forms of insensibility. Then 

 there are the phenomena of shadows and reflection^ 

 actual existences to the savage, mocking doubles of 

 himself. The shadow accompanies, goes before, or 

 follows him by sunlight and by moonshine, disap- 

 pearing mysteriously only when they are withdrawn 

 or intercepted. Still more complete in its mimicry is 

 the reflection of himself the image repeating every 

 gesture, while perchance, as he stands shouting by 

 the stream, the echo of his voice is thrown back from 

 the hill-side, and adds confirmation to his notion of 

 duality. How else can man at low stages of thinking, 

 ignorant of the laws that govern the reflection of 

 both sound and light, interpret the shadow and the 

 echo ? Hence it is that we find the word for " shadow" 

 chosen to express this other self in both barbaric and 

 civilised speech, from the dialects of both North and 

 South American and African tribes, to the classic and 



