INTELLIGENCE IN ANIMALS, 175 



ness ; nor do those who know suceed always in acting 

 such parts as they could wish. Probably Bully was 

 as sensible as the onlookers that he was not quite 

 successful in his acting. It is obvious, however, that 

 he directed his efforts as carefully to the end he 

 wished to obtain as a human being of average rea- 

 soning powers and skill in counterfeiting sleep, &c., 

 could have done. 



Wigan, in his " Duality of the Mind/' says that he 

 once offered an apple to an elephant, letting the apple 

 drop at the moment the elephant was about to seize 

 it, so that it rolled out of its reach. The elephant 

 waited a moment to see if Wigan would pick it up, 

 and being disappointed in this expectation, set him- 

 self to blow violently against the opposite wall, and 

 the recoil forced the apple to his feet. This may be 

 regarded as a case of practical, rather than of abstract 

 reasoning. Yet, as Wigan remarks, it was a trick 

 which no one could have taught the animal, and ' ' it 

 must have arisen from a process of reflection perfectly 

 similar to that which takes place in the human mind " 

 under similar conditions. We have, indeed, he justly 

 remarks, " examples of human minds not even capable 

 of the degree of thought possessed in this instance 

 by the elephant, yet performing, by a sort of automacy 

 (sic) all the ordinary functions necessary to their 

 occupation. In some of the mechanical processes in 

 our great manufactories, where the minute subdivision 

 of labour reduces the art of each individual almost 

 to the very ultimate elements of muscular motion, I 



