INTELLIGENCE IN ANIMALS. 179 



practical reasoning, though of a rather advanced kind. 

 But there was abstract reasoning, it seems to us, 

 or a near approach to it, in the conduct of the smaller 

 spider, first of all in considering, as it were, how far 

 he might trespass on the patience of an enemy whom 

 he recognised as his superior, and again in the conduct 

 of the larger in deciding when the time had come to 

 give his small enemy a lesson, and in retreating finally 

 without persisting, as if reflecting that his purpose 

 was as well achieved as though he had actually driven 

 the smaller spider from his web. His removing the 

 lines which had supported the smaller web, though he 

 had previously allowed them to remain, looks very 

 much like a result of abstract reasoning. 



We find illustrated by such instances the remark 

 of Dr. Prichard, that among insects, if we take the 

 different tribes collectively, manifestations of all the 

 psychical qualities which we observe in mammifers 

 and birds (regarding as a whole the properties divided 

 among different departments), may be recognised in 

 the most strict analogy. Attention, memory, the 

 faculty of combining means to attain ends, cunning, 

 the desire of revenge, care of offspring, and all the 

 other psychical qualities which have been traced in the 

 former class of animals (mammifers) are likewise to 

 be observed in the latter as typical or characteristic 

 phenomena sometimes in one combination, some- 

 times in another ; or, in different groups, sometimes 

 strongly, sometimes more feebly expressed. 



Let us next examine a few cases in which animals have 

 N 2 



