STEMS 117 



food formation. The scales are fitted around the 

 growing point so closely as to make a compact 

 conical mass that is very firm. In addition the 

 scales are often furnished with a coat of hairs or 

 a layer of balsam or varnish which makes them 

 absolutely waterproof. These scales do not keep 

 the growing plant warmer than the surrounding 

 air, but they protect it from damage by ice or frost, 

 and also prevent drying out. 



161. Buds of the apple. Secure some winter 

 buds of the apple by cutting off twigs two feet in 

 length two weeks before the subject is to be studied, 

 and placing the cut ends of the stems in a dish of 

 water in a warm room. Now carefully dissect some 

 buds freshly procured from the tree. Take off 

 the scales, one at a time, noting the manner in 

 which they are fitted to each other. The central 

 mass of the bud should contain the young leaves 

 and perhaps flowers. Tear apart and note shape 

 and size. Later examine the opening buds. What 

 changes have taken place which would cause the 

 scales to come apart? and what changes have 

 occurred in the shape and size of the leaves and 

 flowers ? Note all these points by sketches. 



