REPRODUCTION 449 



flower ' is frequently somewhat loosely and erroneously 

 made use of when pollination is meant. 



We have seen that cross-fertilisation is as a rule more 

 advantageous to a plant than the fusion of gametes which 

 are both produced by the same individual. In the same 

 way certain advantages are secured by the process of cross- 

 pollination or the application of the pollen of one flower to 

 the stigma of a different one of the same species. In the 

 case of flowering plants or any others which are hetero- 

 sporous, self-fertilisation in the strict sense is of course 

 impossible, as the male and female cells which fuse together 

 are necessarily borne upon gametophytes which originate 

 from different spores and cannot thus be derived imme- 

 diately from the same individual. Self-pollination, or the 

 transference of pollen from the stamens to the stigma of 

 the same flower, is, however, possible, and in many cases 

 occurs in the ordinary course of events. Cross-pollination, 

 or the bringing together of spores from different flowers 

 of the same species, has been found to yield more and better 

 seeds than self-pollination. 



Very many mechanisms have been developed in different 

 plants to secure this end, which are seen to the greatest 

 advantage in the highly developed flowers of the Angio- 

 sperms. Pollen may be carried from flower to flower by 

 wind or water, or by the agency of insects or other animals. 

 From this point of view flowers have been classed as 

 anemophilous or wind-pollinated, hydrophilous or water- 

 pollinated, eniomophilous or insect-pollinated, and 200- 

 philous or pollinated by other animals. 



Of these methods of cross-pollination, the anemophilous 

 and the entomophilous are most widespread. The former 

 is the more primitive ; indeed, the latter has been gradually 

 supplanting it. We find cases now of nearly allied genera 

 which illustrate the transition from the one to the other. 

 Among the Kanunculaceae the flowers of the genus Thalic- 

 trum are pollinated by the wind, while those of the more 

 specialised genera, Aconitum and Delphinium, depend upon 



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