Development of the Mammal 327 



dition among many mammals ; hare-lip, which 

 was described in connection with the chick, 

 page 196; cleavage of the chest or abdomen, 

 caused by the incomplete fusion of the somato- 

 pleure ; branchial fistula, the incomplete closure 

 of a gill cleft ; various forms of hernia ; um- 

 bilical fistula, the incomplete closure of the 

 outer end of the intra-embryonic allantois, 

 allowing urine to escape from the bladder 

 through the urachus ; cloacal formation, the 

 incomplete separation of vagina and rectum ; 

 hypospadias, the incomplete fusion of the lips 

 of the genital folds, thereby leaving the urethra 

 as an open groove ; true hermaphroditism (of 

 perhaps doubtful occurrence), where both ova- 

 ries and testes are found in the same individual, 

 though probably never functionally active, even 

 if found ; false or spurious hermaphroditism, 

 where a male (an individual with testes) may 

 have some of the accessory reproductive organs 

 of the opposite sex, or a female (an individual 

 with ovaries) may have some of the accessory 

 reproductive organs of the male ; almost any 

 combination of male and female accessory 

 organs may be found, but it is to be noticed 

 that most false hermaphrodites are males and 

 have, when grown, the beard, voice, and in- 



