CHAPTER XIII 

 PEACTICAL DETAILS OF UNDERDRAWING 



To do the best work in underdraining requires not 

 only a thorough knowledge of the principles, but an 

 extended practical experience in laying out systems of 

 drains. ,The man who has a thorough grasp of this 

 business, and is experienced in laying out work and 

 in the use of precise instruments for leveling and 

 establishing grades, can, with the aid of eye and 

 instruments, determine rapidly and accurately in the 

 field the best place for the mains and sub -mains with- 

 out making a detailed survey ; and where large areas 

 are to be drained, especially if the fall must be small, 

 it will usually be safer, better and cheaper to employ 

 some man of experience who can be trusted to do the 

 work of leveling, determining grades and accurately 

 staking out ready for the ditcher both mains and lat- 

 erals. 



Indeed, if a considerable amount of work is to be 

 done, it will in most cases be better and cheaper in 

 the end to entrust the whole job to a man who makes 

 underdraining his business, and who employs and 

 superintends his own crew of trained men. The mat- 

 ter of ditching, even, is so much of an art that both 

 intelligence and experience are required to do it well. 



(467) 



