362 HYATT'S CLASSIFICATION, ETC. 



of the valley of Wahiawa and Am. textilis of Halawa, with 

 some six valleys between them. There are species of this 

 series, Am. badia and undata, found as far south as Nuuanu, 

 but these are only known through highly specialized forms 

 with very blunt apices. The evidence that there was a land- 

 ing made at the southeastern end of the eastern range by the 

 primitive ancestor of the series, viz., textilis, is strong enough, 

 but the gap between this species and orient alis in their dis- 

 tribution, which is more or less filled by some specialized 

 species may be due to insufficient exploration, but it does 

 not give positive evidence of a northward continuous migra- 

 tion of textilis into orientalis and of the latter into the other 

 species of the reticulata series that should be demanded for 

 demonstration. 



Reticulata Subseries. Amastra textilis connects directly 

 with orientalis of the eastern range, and this last is transi- 

 tional to reticulata and cotispersa of the western or Waianae 

 range. These species have generally the reticulated and 

 olivaceous pattern which rarely occurs in Am. textilis. The 

 tendency to evolve extremely blunted spires is also peculiar 

 to this series. 



PARAMASTRA SERIES. This series is remarkable for its 

 evenly developed spire which can, with the exception of the 

 earliest age, be expressed by a single angle in most of the 

 species. While this is a wide departure from typical Amas- 

 tran forms of Oahu and such forms as A. rugulosa of Kauai, 

 it is very similar to the more turritelloidal and primitive 

 Kauaian species A. brevis. The aspect of the columella also, 

 which is often perforated and has a well developed fold and 

 is straight with a similarity situated tooth-fold, and the sim- 

 ilarity of the aperture and smooth apex, are all character- 

 istics showing affinity for A. brevis. Thus it seems to be 

 shown so far as collateral evidence goes, that the series has 

 been derived from the species of Kauaian Amastrae directly, 

 without the intervention of any intermediate form having 

 less primitive characters. Nevertheless if one follows the 

 species through their intermediate forms, the series is built 

 up according to the table. In this it will be seen that there 



