XX Vlll THE SPECIES CONCEPTION. 



From the results visible, it can hardly be doubted that the 

 various components of color-pattern act as unit characters in 

 inheritance. 



In species covering an extended area, there is usually dif- 

 ferentiation correllated with distribution. Thus in A. fulgens 

 the plumata pattern, streaked in delicate tints, is a con- 

 spicuous form in Niu, the eastern limit of the species where 

 green forms are not found (pi. 36, figs. 4 to 6e). Also in 

 the next valley, Wailupe (pi. 36, figs. 3, 3a). Further west, 

 in Waialae, the plumata pattern has become rare, though still 

 present in various combinations, and green forms are com- 

 mon (pi. 37, figs. 1 to 66). In Palolo, still westward, the 

 green and yellow patterns are ascendant, and the plumata 

 marking is hardly represented except in the varia combina- 

 tion. The ancient pattern of black bands in definite positions 

 pervades the whole species, though the factor necessary for 

 the appearance of these bands is often absent. Also albinos, 

 doubtless genotypically various, as usual, appear sporadically 

 throughout the range of the species. 



This topic may be further illustrated by a diagram of the 

 conditions found in A. vulpina. If we represent the various 

 color-patterns (or "elementary species", at least in part) by 

 their initials, the forms of the hybrid colonies of successive 

 districts, from the east westward, may be represented thus 



Pauoa E. Nuuanu W. Nuuanu Kahauiki Halawa Waimano Manana 



avco vceo ovl ovsal oval ov v 



(a, adusta; v, vulpina', c, castanea; e, ernestina; o, olivacea-, 

 v, virens; s, suturalis; a, analoga; 1, longispira). 



See also p. 215. The formulas could be made more complex 

 by introducing various other characters. Thus, dextral in- 

 dividuals occur in the West, but are absent eastward. More- 

 over, several colonies represented by the same formula almost 

 always differ in the relative numbers of individuals of the 

 component patterns; and adjacent colonies, sometimes on a 

 single tree or group of trees, may differ, some lacking pat- 

 terns common in other colonies of the district. 



Many of the "species" of Gulick are based upon colonies- 



