ACHATINELLA LIVIDA. 247 



Achatinella emmersoni NEWC., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 156, pi. 24, 

 f. 74. THWING, Orig. Descriptions, etc., p. 71. A. emersonii 

 Nc., Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., vi, p. 309. 



Specimens collected in Kawailoa in 1854-5 by Mr. Gulick 

 agree perfectly with Swainson's description and figure. In a 

 lot of 23, 14 are dextral. Shells of this lot are figured, pi. 53, 

 figs. 1 to 4. The typical color is dull citrine (of Ridgway's 

 Color Standards, pi. 16) indistinctly streaked with olive- 

 citrine and olive lake ; the suture having an ocher, ochraceous- 

 orange or rufous border, usually edged below with pale yel- 

 low. The embryonic whorls are very faint yellow fading to 

 white above the suture and at the apex. The suture has a 

 well-impressed margin. The aperture has a white lining and 

 a chocolate band inside the acute white edge. The columellar 

 fold is white and rather strong. Fig. 1 is a typical livida, 

 agreeing very closely with Swainson's figure. Length 16, 

 diam. 10 mm. ; 5% whorls. 



In different specimens the hue and shade vary. The gen- 

 eral tint may be brownish vinaceous with narrow whitish 

 streaks, or it may be yellowish olive or dark greenish olive. 

 The dark submargin of the lip is inconspicuous in some shells, 

 especially old ones with the lip thickened. 



Form reevei C. B. Adams, pi. 53, figs. 5 to 9, Kawailoa, 

 Gulick coll.) differs by having no rufous sutural line. The 

 suture is bordered below by a nearly white or pale greenish 

 yellow band, varying in width. Its exact status is not clear 

 to me, since I do not know whether the specimens occurred in 

 colonies of livida or always separate. It seems however to 

 have had a wider range eastward than livida, as Gulick got it 

 in Kawailoa, Opaeula and Wahiawa. Both livida and reevei 

 seem to be rare or extinct at the present time. They probably 

 inhabited forests at lower levels than those now existing. 



24a. A. LIVIDA EMERSONII Newcomb. PI. 53, figs. 10, 11, 12. 



Based upon a light form of livida, as Newcomb recognized 

 later, confirmed by Doctor Cooke who examined the type. 

 The original figure is copied, pi. 53, fig. 10. The description 

 follows. ' ' Shell conical, polished, dextral, rather solid ; whorls 



