318 ACHATINELLA APEXFULVA. 



Oahu : South side of Opaeula gulch near the lower limit of 

 the woodland (J. S. and 0. P. Emerson, about 1860). Var- 

 ious varieties from the Kaukinehua ridge to beyond Opaeula. 



Helix Apex Fulva DIXON, A voyage round the world ; but 

 more particularly to the north-west coast of America, p. 354. 

 Turbo Apex Fulva DIXON, on unnumbered plate, fig. 1, 

 1789. Achatinella apexfulva Dixon, SYKES, Fauna Hawaii- 

 ensis, p. 298. Turbo lugubris, etc., CHEMNITZ, Neues Sys- 

 tematisches Conchylien Cabinet, xi, p. 278, pi. 209, f. 2059-60, 

 1795. Helix lugubris Chemn., FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst., p. 56 

 (not Helix lugubris GmeL, Syst. Nat., 13, p. 3665). FERUS- 

 SAC, in Freycinet's Voyage autour du Monde de 1'Uranie et 

 la Physicienne, Zoologie, p. 479, 1824. Achatinella lugubris 

 Chemn., PPEIPPER, Monographia, ii, p. 239 ; iii, 465 ; iv, 452 ; 

 vi, 177. REEVE, Conch. Icon., vi, pi. 2, f. 10a (not 106). 

 THWING, Orig. Descript., etc., p. 25, pi. 1, f. 6.Monodonta 

 seminigra LAMARCK, Anim. sans Vertebres, vii, 1822, p. 37; 

 Edit. Desh., ix, p. 181. DELESSERT, Recueil de Coq. decrites 

 par Lamarck, pi. 37, f. 2a-c. Bulimus seminiger MKE., 

 Synops. edit. 2, p. 26. Achatinella pica SWAINSON, The Quar- 

 terly Journal of Science, Literature and Art, Series 2, iii, 

 January to June, 1828, p. 84 ; Zoological Illustrations, iii, 2d 

 Ser., p. 99, pi. 99, f. 1. 



A. apexfulva is chiefly characterized by its peculiar nipple- 

 like apical whorls. The embryonic stage has an enameled ap- 

 pearance, the individual whorls being longer and flatter than 

 in related forms (except perhaps ,some specimens of A. tur- 

 gida). The lip is tinted (except in albinos), but never deep 

 brown or blackish. The tip of the apex is never black or even 

 dusky. Its range lies west of the turgida area, and so far as 

 we know at present, several gulches and ridges lie between 

 the areas of the two species. They are certainly near akin. 



PI. 50, fig. 15 is copied from one of Dixon 's figures. PI. 60, 

 figs. 1-lc and the above description are from specimens taken 

 by Mr. J. S. Emerson over fifty years ago, in a fine grove of 

 tall, dark-leaved trees on the south side of the deep Opaeula 

 gulch, on the edge of a rocky stream. The area of this grove 

 is estimated by Mr. Emerson as rather less than half an acre. 



