164 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 



amber-brown or nearly chestnut, slightly transparent, out- 

 lines very convex. Whorls rather convex, the last somewhat 

 compressed below, with an impression over the lower palatal 

 fold, a moderately developed, opaque crest behind the peris- 

 tome; and a very deep impression between the crest and the 

 point of the outer lip. Aperture having 6 principal and 

 usually several smaller teeth: parietal lamella rather long; 

 angular and infraparietal short and smaller. Columellar 

 lamella large, ascending inwardly. Upper and lower palatal 

 folds strong, the lower longer. Basal fold stout, in a sub- 

 columellar position. Usually there are small suprapalatal and 

 infrapalatal denticles. Peristome thin, a little expanded, the 

 outer margin biarcuate, with a median entering angle. Palatal 

 callus well developed. 



Length 1.95, diam. 1.2 mm.; 5 whorls (Lyons). 



Length 2.25, diam. 1.4 mm. (Lausanne). 



Nearly all Europe; Transcaucasus ; Armenia, Talysch 

 Turkestan (Westerlund). 



Pupa antivertigo DRAPARNAUD, Tabl. Syst. Moll. France, 

 1801, p. 57; Hist. Nat. Moll. Fr., p. 60, pi. 3, f. 32, 33 (dans 

 la Bresse; en Languedoc). PFR., Monogr. Hel. Viv. ii, 361; 



11, 558 ; iv, 685 ; vi, 332 ; viii, 404. KUSTER, Syst. Conchyl. Cab. 

 p. 125, pi. 16, f. 27-30. WESTERLUND, Fauna iii, 1887, p. 140; 

 Nova Acta R. Soc. Sci. Upsal. (3), viii, 1871, p. 89, with varr. 

 ferox, seminulum. Vertigo antivertigo Drap., NOBRE, Moll. 

 Portugal, p. 241. MOQUIN-TANDON, Moll. France, 1855, p. 

 407, with var. octodentata Stud. BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. 

 Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 299 (recent and Pleistocene distribu- 

 tion). WEISS, Nachrbl, D. M. Ges. 1894, p. 156, pleistocene 

 of Taubach, with ver. ferox. 



Alaea palustris Leach MS., JEFFREYS, Trans. Linn. Soc. 

 Lond., xvi, pt. 2, 1830, p. 360. 



Turbo sexdentatus MONTAGU, Test. Brit. 1803, p. 337, pi. 



12, f. 8. Vertigo sexdentata WAGNER in Chemnitz, Conchyl. 

 Cab. xii, p. 175, pi. 235, f . 4124. 



Vertigo 8 dentata STUDER, Kurzes Verzeich., in Naturwiss. 

 Anzeiger allg. Schweiz. Ges. Naturwiss. iii, May 1, 1820, p. 89, 

 based upon Drap. pi. 3, f. 32, 33 (near Bern and Ringgen- 



