EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 165 



berg). Pupa vertigo var. P. 7 dentata HARTMANN, Neue 

 Alpina i, 1821, p. 219, based upon Drap. pi. 3, f. 32, 33, Pupa 

 antivergio [sic] . Vertigo septemdenta FERUSSAC, Tabl. Syst. 

 p. 64, based upon P. antivertigo Drap., V. 8 dentata Studer, 

 T. sex dentatus Mont. ROSSMAESSLER, Iconogr. ii, pt. 10, p. 

 28, pi. 49, f. 647. 



Distinct from other species of its region by the three teeth 

 on the parietal wall, the obesely oval shape and the deep angle 

 between the two arcs of the outer lip. It is very closely re- 

 lated to the American V. ovata, but is smaller with less im- 

 pressed suture. Boettger, however, considered ovata a variety 

 of antivertigo (Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 1889, p. 300) ; and 

 probably, if the areas of the two were not so widely separated, 

 this view might be generally entertained. 



Westerlund gives the size as length 2-2%, diam. 1%-1%. 

 This indicates a somewhat larger size than any I have seen. 



According to Jeffreys it is found "under stones and logs 

 of wood as well as at the roots of grass, and on moss, flags 

 and water plants, in marshy places and at the sides of streams 

 and canals." 



Many of the minor modifications have been named, but 

 probably few if any of them have racial value, so far as one 

 may judge by the literature. It has not been stated that any 

 occur in pure colonies. Moreover, some forms appear to have 

 been named more than once. 



Westerlund recognizes the following forms : sexdentata Mont., 

 2 columellar teeth, the upper wanting; octodentata Hartm., 

 with 3 palatal teeth; ferox West., aperture 9 to 10 toothed, 

 2 or 3 parietal, 3 columellar, 4 palatals, two lamelliform, two 

 minute; or with 3-2-4 or 3-2-5 teeth (= var. novemdentata 

 Sandberger, Vorwelt, 1875, p. 795). Sterki noted antivertigo 

 mit 10 Zahnen, Schleitheim, Switzerland, Nachrbl. 1881, p. 

 37. This form occurs also in Germany. 



Var. seminulum West. Shell small, oval; whorls 4; aper- 

 ture 5 to 6 toothed : 2-2-2. Length 1%, diam. 1 mm. Oester- 

 gotland, Sweden. 



Pollonera defines the following forms: typica, teeth 2-3-2; 

 irregularis, 2-2-3 ; aequidentata, 2-2-2 ; padana, 2-1-3 ; cisalpina, 



