176 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 



further than "4 dentata" and the citation of "Vertigo 4 a 5 

 dentata, Studer, Catal."; this last being repeated also under 

 V. pygmaea. It was taken up by Fitzinger as "Vertigo 

 pygmaea var. similis mihi" without definition (Beitrage zur 

 Landeskunde Oesterreich 's, iii, 1833, p. 109). Ferussac's in- 

 tention was to segregate the form lacking the basal fold, which 

 was subsequently named quadridens West., as follows. 



Form quadridens Westerlund. Aperture with 4 teeth, lack- 

 ing the lower columellar (Pupa pygmaa v. quadridens, West., 

 Expose critique, Nova Acta Beg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliensis (3) viii, 

 1871, p. 93). No special locality is given for this, which ap- 

 pears to be not subspecifically separable from pygmaea. Many 

 Scandinavian localities are mentioned for the latter. Var. 

 quadridens has been reported from numerous places, as far 

 south as the Balkans. 



Var. sexplicata Locard. Similar to the type but there are 

 6 apertural folds ; the upper fold of the penult whorl is split, 

 giving rise to a second obsolete superior fold. Debris of the 

 Rhone north of Lyons. (V. p. var. sexplicata Loc., Fauna 

 Mai. Bassin Rhone, in Ann. Soc. d'Agrieult. Lyon, (5), ii, 

 1880, p. 853). 



Var. rubella Loc. shell similar to the type, with 5 folds, but 

 of deep, reddish color. Environs of Grenoble (Locard, I. c.). 



Var. cornea Loc. shell similar to the type, with 5 folds, but 

 of pale, subtransparent corneous color. Environs of Lyons 

 and Grenoble (Locard, I. c.). This appears not to differ from 

 pallida, which is earlier. 



Form pallida Jeffreys. Shell thinner and of a lighter color 

 (V. pygmaea Jeffr., Brit. Conch, ii, 1862, p. 257, with var. 

 pallida on p. 258). 



Form ausonia de Stefani. Upper palatal fold elongated. 

 Italy. (Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital. ix, 1883, not seen. WesterL, 

 Fauna iii, p. 137). 



Form minor Westerlund. 1% to 1% x 1 mm. Caucasus 

 (Fauna iii, 1887, p. 137). 



Var. callicarens (Bttg. Hesse). A form without a trans- 

 verse callus preceding the mouth. Near Greussen, Germany 



