180 EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 



culate or uneven. The expanded peristome is distinctly 

 caught in at the middle of the outer margin. 



Length 2.6, diam. 1.6 mm. (Lyons, fig. 1). 



Length 2.3, diam. 1.45 mm. (Wicken Fen, Cambridge, figs. 

 2,3). 



Having examined many specimens from England, France 

 and Hungary, I am unable to agree with Dr. Boettger that 

 this species is identical with V. ventricosa (Morse). The 

 European species is constantly much larger, has a stronger 

 palatal callus and more expanded peristome with a deeper 

 indentation behind the outer lip. 



Variations in the teeth have served for the definition of 

 several varieties, which have little basis in nature. Among 

 specimens from Lyons (received from Terver, one of the ori- 

 ginal collectors according to Dupuy), the form with a basal 

 fold, var. personata, is common ; also specimens having the dis- 

 tinct trace of an angular lamella, and some weak infrapalatal 

 nodules as in " var. octodentata. ' ' 



An account of the habits of V. moulinsiana has been given 

 by Mr. K. A. Phillips, who on October, 1907, discovered a 

 colony in a marsh by the river Barrow, near Tinnahinch, Co. 

 Carlow, Ireland. "I first perceived it resting on the stems 

 and leaves of the tall grass, Glyceria aquatica and other 

 plants, and a further search revealed some dozens of specimens 

 on the leaves and t T vigs of a hawthorn bush at the edges of the 

 marsh. During the second week in January I was again at 

 Tinnahinch and revisited the marsh. Expecting to find the 

 animals wintering, like some other Vertigoes, in the shelter 

 of hollow stems and other plant-remains, I spent some time 

 examining the marsh debris without finding a trace of them ; 

 at last quite unexpectedly, I caught sight of a specimen on 

 the trunk of a small Alder; this gave me a clue to their true 

 winter habitat and I was not long in discovering numbers of 

 the hardy little creatures hibernating, during the coldest 

 spell of weather we had last winter on the most exposed 

 parts of the lower branches at from two to three feet above 

 the ground. They are gregarious and apparently viviparous, 

 as there were several small communities of from four to 



