190 EUROPEAN SPECIES OP VERTIGO. 



Lapland : Walli-corso, a narrow ravine between Walli-f altet 

 and Gaskaiwo, at the upper limit of trees; also one of the 

 islands near Quick jock (Wallenberg). Bohemia; at high ele- 

 vations in the Tatra and Austrian Tyrol (as P. tirolensis). 

 It has also been reported from the Chukchi Peninsula and 

 Alaska, but these specimens may be referable to V. modest a. 



Pupa arctica WALLENBERG, Malak. BL, v, 1858, pp. 32, 99, 

 pi. 1, f. 3&-c, 4. PFEIFFER, Monogr. vi, 325. REINHARDT, SB. 

 Ges. Nat. Fr., Berlin, 1883, pp. 32, 38 (Chukchi Penins.; 

 Emma Harbor) . WESTERLUND, Vega-Exped. Vet. lakttag. iv, 

 1887, pp. 152, 155, 157, 163 (Lapland, Siberia, Port Clarence, 

 Alaska). Vertigo arctica Wallenb., WESTERLUND, Mai. Bl. 

 xiv, 1867, pp. 201, 202. BABOR & NOVAK, Nachrbl. 1909, p. 

 147. KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 93, f. 1535. Pupa tiro- 

 lensis GREDLER, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. in Wien, xix, 1869, p. 912. 



Wallenberg states that out of 20 specimens apparently adult, 

 only 2 had the palatal fold developed. 



It has never been made clear how V. arctica differs from 

 weak-toothed races of V. modesta; especially since Wester- 

 lund, who should certainly know V. arctica, identified it from 

 Port Clarence, Alaska. Specimens possibly referable to V. 

 arctica, collected at Norton Sound, Alaska by Mr. R. C. Mc- 

 Gregor, have three teeth as in V. arctica, differing from typi- 

 cal V. modesta by lacking an upper palatal fold, and com- 

 pared with typical modesta, by the smaller size of the teeth. 

 The example figured measures, length 2.65, diam. 1.35 mm. 

 (page 124, fig. 3). I have not seen specimens of arctica from 

 Lapland or any part of Europe, and cannot therefore indi- 

 cate how it differs from V. modesta, if at all. 



Westerlund placed Pupa tirolensis in the synonymy of 

 arctica after comparison of a specimen received from Gredler, 

 and Kobelt has referred Pupa tatrica to the same species. 

 The descriptions of these forms follow. 



67 a. Vertigo arctica extima (West.). 



Shell broadly perforate, ovate-oblong, brown-corneous, 

 slightly shining, smooth; whorls 5%, convex, rather slowly 

 and regularly increasing, rounded at base, encircled with a 



