EUROPEAN SPECIES OF VERTIGO. 197 



to be only a variety of V. pygmaeus, which in Europe also 

 varies considerably. Its smaller size, slightly less cylindric 

 shape, the more rounded base, the weakness of the teeth, of 

 which the 2 palatals are more immersed but visible from 

 the outside, and the single, rudimentary columellar distin- 

 guish it from the type (Mouss.). 



Transcaucasia : Tabizhuri, Dr. Sievers. 



74. VERTIGO ALPESTRIS Alder. PL 18, figs. 1, 2. 



"Shell subcylindrical, thin and semitransparent, very 

 glossy, pale yellowish-horn-color, closely and rather strongly 

 striate in the line of growth; periphery rounded: epidermis 

 thin. Whorls 4%, convex, but slightly compressed. Spire 

 short, abrupt and bluntly pointed. Suture excessively deep. 

 Mouth semioval and subangular, owing to the outward com- 

 pression of the periphery: teeth four, viz.: one sharp and 

 prominent tooth on the middle of the pillar [parietal wall], 

 one strong and also prominent and thick tooth on the pillar 

 lip, and two lamellae or plate-like teeth which are placed at 

 some little distance within the outer lip, but not on any rib 

 or callous fold as in V. pygm&a,; the labial teeth are visible 

 on the outside, owing to the thinness and transparency of the 

 shell. Outer lip rather thick very slightly reflected, not 

 strengthened by any rib either outside or inside, outer edge 

 abruptly reflected; inner lip somewhat thickened in adult 

 specimen. Umbilicus small and narrow, but rather deep. 

 L. 0.07. B. 0.04 inch (Jeffreys}. 



Length 2, diam. 1.1 mm. 



Length 1.9, diam. 1 mm. 



England: Lipwood, near Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, 

 on an old wall, type loc. ; Clithero, Lancashire, etc. The Alps, 

 Switzerland, the Lower Harz, etc. Norway, Sweden and 

 Lapland ; in Siberia east to the Amur valley and Vladivostok. 



Vertigo alpestris Fer., ALDER, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of 

 Northumberland, etc., ii, 1838, p. 340. GRAY, Turton's 

 Manual, p. 202, pi. 12, f. 141. JEFFREYS, British Conch., i, p. 

 259. BOETTGER, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat. 42, 1889, p. 307 

 (Pleistocene and recent dist.) KOBELT, Iconogr. (2), viii, p. 



